“…(2) Behavioural determination by hierarchical governance (e.g. Wathne and Heide, 2000) is equally limited: credible sanction threats (Buckley and Casson, 1988) on an actor's part require sufficient sanctioning power (Backhaus, 1992;Kaas, 1992aKaas, , 1992b, ex ante knowledge (Eberl, 2004;Shane 1994) and ex post perceptibility (Dwyer, Schurr and Oh, 1987) of the behaviour a cooperation partner is expected to show. The coordinative power of hierarchical governance is limited especially in those areas of inter-firm cooperation where objectives cannot be programmed at all, or only at prohibitively high transaction costs (Ring and Van de Ven, 1992).…”