The Development of Vision in the Zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Easter, Stephen S.; Nicola, Gregory N.

doi:10.1006/dbio.1996.0335

Cited by 477 publications

(370 citation statements)

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“…Embryos and larvae were obtained from our own outbred colony, and treated essentially as described earlier (Easter & Nicola, 1996;Wilson, Ross, Parrett, & Easter, 1990). Fertilized eggs were obtained daily with knowledge of the time of fertilization (to an accuracy of about 15 min).…”

Section: Fishmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a recent article, we used OKR to investigate the ontogeny of vision (Easter & Nicola, 1996). Although we used tracking eye movements as behavioral indicants of vision, the first movements were sluggish and erratic, adequate for our purpose of determining that the fish could see but not of much help to the fish in stabilizing the retinal image or in resetting the eyes to a new position.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The development of eye movements in the zebrafish (Danio rerio)

1997

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We investigated the development of oculomotor activity in zebrafish embryos and larvae of ages postfertilization (hpf). The optokinetic response (OKR: smooth 48-96 hrs tracking movements evoked by a rotating striped drum) improved steadily after its onset at and by had a achieved a gain (eye velocity/drum velocity) of 0.9, comparable 73 hpf, 96 hpf to adult performance. Reset movements (the fast phase of optokinetic nystagmus) developed over The vestibuloocular reflex (VOR: compensatory eye movements evoked by 75-81 hpf. passive rotation of the head) developed over and the associated reset movements, 74-81 hpf, overThe VOR was qualitatively normal in dark-reared fish, which excludes an 76-81 hpf. essential role for visual experience in its early development. Spontaneous saccadic movements (the fast shift of eye position) appeared between 81 and and at had maximum 96 hpf, 96 hpf velocities that were comparable to adults.These results are compared to, and found to be incompatible with, two earlier ideas of motor development: behavioral "differentiation" and "encephalization."

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Section: Fishmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The development of eye movements in the zebrafish (Danio rerio)

1997

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“…extracellular recordings ͉ ON and OFF retinal pathway ͉ optokinetic response ͉ retina ͉ retinal ganglion cells Z ebrafish are highly visual animals whose retinas contain numerous rods and four types of cones (1). By 3 days postfertilization (dpf) zebrafish retinas have largely differentiated (2), and by 4 or 5 days of age, visual responses can be reliably elicited (3,4). Mutations affecting retinal development and function are easily induced by using forward genetic techniques, and the visual abilities of potential mutants are often behaviorally tested by using the optokinetic reflex (OKR) (3,5).…”

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confidence: 99%

OFF ganglion cells cannot drive the optokinetic reflex in zebrafish

Emran

Rihel

Adolph

et al. 2007

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

128

115

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Whereas the zebrafish retina has long been an important model system for developmental and genetic studies, little is known about the responses of the inner retinal neurons. Here we report single-unit ganglion cell recordings from 5-to 6-day-old zebrafish larvae. In wild-type larvae we identify at least five subtypes of ganglion cell responses to full-field illumination, with ON-OFF and ON-type cells predominating. In the nrc mutant retina, in which the photoreceptor terminals develop abnormally, we observe normal OFF responses but abnormal ON-OFF responses and no ON responses. Previously characterized as blind, these mutants lack an optokinetic reflex (OKR), but in another behavioral assay nrc mutant fish have near-normal responses to the offset of light and slow and sluggish responses to the onset of light . Pharmacological block of the ON pathway mimics most of the nrc visual defects. We conclude that the abnormal photoreceptor terminals in nrc mutants predominantly perturb the ON pathway and that the ON pathway is necessary to drive the OKR in larval zebrafish. extracellular recordings ͉ ON and OFF retinal pathway ͉ optokinetic response ͉ retina ͉ retinal ganglion cells

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“…The first postmitotic neurons of the retina are generated at 28 hr postfertilization which genes necessary for visual system development and function have been identified (reviewed in (hpf) and by 72 hpf the retina is functional (Easter and Nicola 1996;Hu and Easter 1999;Neuhauss 2003). Zebrafish eyes are large, easily accessible, and structurally Dowling 1999).…”

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Identification of Zebrafish Insertional Mutants With Defects in Visual System Development and Function

et al. 2005

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Genetic analysis in zebrafish has been instrumental in identifying genes necessary for visual system development and function. Recently, a large-scale retroviral insertional mutagenesis screen, in which 315 different genes were mutated, that resulted in obvious phenotypic defects by 5 days postfertilization was completed. That the disrupted gene has been identified in each of these mutants provides unique resource through which the formation, function, or physiology of individual organ systems can be studied. To that end, a screen for visual system mutants was performed on 250 of the mutants in this collection, examining each of them histologically for morphological defects in the eye and behaviorally for overall visual system function. Forty loci whose disruption resulted in defects in eye development and/or visual function were identified. The mutants have been divided into the following phenotypic classes that show defects in: (1) morphogenesis, (2) growth and central retinal development, (3) the peripheral marginal zone, (4) retinal lamination, (5) the photoreceptor cell layer, (6) the retinal pigment epithelium, (7) the lens, (8) retinal containment, and (9) behavior. The affected genes in these mutants highlight a diverse set of proteins necessary for the development, maintenance, and function of the vertebrate visual system. T HE zebrafish has been an important model through apparent by the 18-19 SS. The first postmitotic neurons of the retina are generated at 28 hr postfertilization which genes necessary for visual system development and function have been identified (reviewed in (hpf) and by 72 hpf the retina is functional (Easter and Nicola 1996; Hu and Easter 1999; Schmitt and Easter and Malicki 2002 and Neuhauss 2003). Zebrafish eyes are large, easily accessible, and structurally Dowling 1999). Retinas of many fish and amphibians also possess a specialized region at their margins, termed similar to the human eye. Eye formation in zebrafish is analogous to that observed in other vertebrate embryos, peripheral or ciliary marginal zones, that perpetually adds cells to the retina during the lifetime of the animal thus providing an excellent model system with which the understanding of vertebrate eye development can ( Johns 1977). Several generations of chemically based forward gebe advanced. Additionally, many disrupted genes and pathways identified as integral to the formation of the netic screens have been undertaken in zebrafish (Driever et al. 1996;Haffter et al. 1996; Matsuda and Mishina zebrafish eye produce phenotypes that resemble disorders of the human visual system. Thus, characterization 2004), some of which have focused on eye development and function (Malicki et al. 1996; Fadool et al. 1997; of the molecular mechanisms of eye development in zebrafish should facilitate a better understanding of these hu- Neuhauss et al. 1999). While these chemically based screens have been instrumental in generating interesting man pathologies (Goldsmith and Harris 2003).Eye development in zebrafish ...

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The Development of Vision in the Zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Cited by 477 publications

References 3 publications

The development of eye movements in the zebrafish (Danio rerio)

The development of eye movements in the zebrafish (Danio rerio)

OFF ganglion cells cannot drive the optokinetic reflex in zebrafish

Identification of Zebrafish Insertional Mutants With Defects in Visual System Development and Function

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