“…To comprehensively study adolescents' positive development, the concept of PYD was brought forward, consisting 15 positive developmental qualities (i.e., bonding, resilience, social competence, recognition for positive behavior, emotional competence, cognitive competence, behavioral competence, moral competence, self-determination, self-efficacy, clear and positive identity, belief in the future, prosocial involvement, prosocial norms, and spirituality), and emphasizing the development potential of teenagers to cope with their growing environment. An increasing number of studies have suggested that the characteristics of PYD play an important role in the healthy development of adolescents (Chang and Zhang, 2013 ). The development assets framework emphasizes the joint effects of external assets (e.g., environmental characteristics) and internal assets (e.g., psychological resources) on adolescent development (Benson et al, 2007 ).…”