The Developmental Implications of the Use of Reproductive Technologies for Transgender People: A Comparative Cross-Section Protocol

Mamou, Grégor; Lagrange, C.; Mendes, Nicolas; Wielart, Joy; Poirier, Fanny; Medjkane, François; Brunelle, Julie; Drouineaud, Véronique; Rosenblum, Ouriel; Gründler, Nouria; Ansermet, François; Falissard, Bruno; Cohen, David; Condat, Agnès

doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00243

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Our last hypothesis that was no group of raters would be able to differentiate the family drawings between children from transgender fathers conceived by DSI and NC children was validated by our results. Here, the quasi-experimental design based on children’s family drawings investigated whether cues not captured by the questionnaire could be seen by blind raters [ 17 ]. Neither the child and family psychoanalysts’ group nor the four other groups of raters were able to differentiate the family drawings of children of trans-fathers from those of children in the NC group.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The evaluation day began with a family interview with a mental health professional using a semi-structured interview. The study explored several dimensions [17]. In order to test our first two hypotheses, we used respectively: (1) for cognitive development, an adapted rating according to age: for those 2 to 30 months of age, we used the Brunet-Lézine psychomotor development scale [21], which estimates a Developmental Quotient (DQ) based on the normative data available for 2-year-old French toddlers; for those 30 months to 6 years of age, the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Intelligence Scale for Children-third edition (WPPSI-3) [22], which is a standardized developmental test for preschool-age children that measures intelligence skills; and for those 7 years of age and older, we used the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-fourth edition (WISC-4) [23], which is a standardized developmental test for school-age children that measures intelligence skills.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many argue that having a transgender parent could have consequences in terms of parent-child relationship and family dynamics [ 16 ]. To address this issue, we used the Five-Minute Speech Sample (FMSS) [ 17 , 18 ], which is an instrument assessing the emotional climate within the family through attitudes and feelings expressed by a parent towards his/her child and termed expressed emotions. In addition, we developed a quasi-experimental design based on children’s family drawings to investigate whether cues not captured by the questionnaire could be seen by blind raters [ 17 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To address this issue, we used the Five-Minute Speech Sample (FMSS) [ 17 , 18 ], which is an instrument assessing the emotional climate within the family through attitudes and feelings expressed by a parent towards his/her child and termed expressed emotions. In addition, we developed a quasi-experimental design based on children’s family drawings to investigate whether cues not captured by the questionnaire could be seen by blind raters [ 17 ]. With this quasi-experimental design, we intended to explore more subtle differences between children born from Trans-DSI (meaning a transgender father) and NC children born from natural conception from cis-gender parents who had sexual intercourse.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Transgender fathering: Children’s psychological and family outcomes

et al. 2020

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Medical advances in assisted reproductive technology have created new ways for transgender persons to become parents outside the context of adoption. The limited empirical data does not support the idea that trans-parenthood negatively impacts children’s development. However, the question has led to lively societal debates making the need for evidence-based studies urgent. We aimed to compare cognitive development, mental health, gender identity, quality of life and family dynamics using standardized instruments and experimental protocols in 32 children who were conceived by donor sperm insemination (DSI) in French couples with a cisgender woman and a transgender man, the transition occurring before conception. We constituted two control groups matched for age, gender and family status. We found no significant difference between groups regarding cognitive development, mental health, and gender identity, meaning that neither the transgender fatherhood nor the use of DSI had any impact on these characteristics. The results of the descriptive analysis showed positive psycho-emotional development. Additionally, when we asked raters to differentiate the family drawings of the group of children of trans-fathers from those who were naturally conceived, no rater was able to differentiate the groups above chance levels, meaning that what children expressed through family drawing did not indicate cues related to trans-fatherhood. However, when we assessed mothers and fathers with the Five-Minute Speech Sample, we found that the emotions expressed by transgender fathers were higher than those of cisgender fathers who conceived by sex or by DSI. We conclude that the first empirical data regarding child development in the context of trans-parenthood are reassuring. We believe that this research will also improve transgender couple care and that of their children in a society where access to care remains difficult in this population. However, further research is needed with adolescents and young adults.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Transgender fathering: Children’s psychological and family outcomes

et al. 2020

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show abstract

“…Many argue that having a transgender parent could have consequences in terms of parent-child relationship and family dynamics [16]. To address this issue, we used the Five-Minute Speech Sample (FMSS) [17,18], which is an instrument assessing the emotional climate within the family through attitudes and feelings expressed by a parent towards his/her child and termed expressed emotions. In addition, we developed a quasi-experimental design based on children’s family drawings to investigate whether cues not captured by the questionnaire could be seen by blind raters [17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transgender fathering: children’s psychological and family outcomes

Condat

Mamou

Lagrange

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Medical advances in assisted reproductive technology have created new ways for transgender persons to become parents outside the context of adoption. The paucity of empirical data does not support the idea that trans-parenthood negatively impacts children's development. However, the question has led to lively societal debates making the need for evidence-based studies urgent. We aimed to compare cognitive development, mental health, gender identity, quality of life and family dynamics using standardized instruments and experimental protocols in 32 children who were conceived by donor sperm insemination (DSI) in couples with a cisgender woman and a transgender man, the transition occurring before conception. We constituted two control groups matched for age, gender and family status. We found no significant difference between groups regarding cognitive development, mental health, and gender identity, meaning that neither the trans factor nor the use of DSI had any impact on these characteristics. The results of the descriptive analysis showed positive psycho-emotional development. Additionally, when we asked raters to differentiate the family drawings of the group of children of trans-fathers from those who were naturally conceived, no rater was able to differentiate the groups above chance levels, meaning that what children expressed through family drawing did not indicate cues related to trans-fatherhood. However, when we assessed mothers and fathers with the Five-Minute Speech Sample, we found that the emotions expressed by transgender fathers were higher than those of cisgender fathers who conceived by sex or by DSI. We conclude that the first empirical data regarding child development in the context of trans-parenthood are reassuring. We believe that this research will also improve transgender couple care and that of their children in a society where access to care remains difficult in this population. However, further research is needed with adolescents and young adults.

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