The diagnosis and management of a case of leishmaniosis in a dog imported to Australia

Best, Matthew P.; Ash, Amanda; Bergfeld, Jemma; Barrett, Janine L.

doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.03.032

Cited by 11 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Major issues of CanL in non-endemic areas include the diagnosis of infection/disease, decision to treat, risks of transmission, therapeutic options and disease monitoring (Best et al, 2014). Thus, veterinarians in non-endemic regions need to be aware of CanL, including its non-vectorial potential transmission modes, and should advise dog owners on preventive measures (Shaw et al, 2009;Menn et al, 2010).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Twenty-one dogs were examined after coming back to Serbia and six (28.6%) had leishmaniosis based on the presence of clinical signs and specific antibodies (Savić et al, 2014). The importation of infected European dogs to countries or territories from other continents has also been described, such as French Guiana (Rotureau et al, 2006), Japan (Kawamura et al, 2010), Australia (Best et al, 2014;Cleare et al, 2014) and Angola (Vilhena et al, 2014).…”

Section: Canl In Non-endemic European Countriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spread of Leishmania infantum in Europe with dog travelling

Maia

Cardoso

2015

Veterinary Parasitology

110

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Canl In Non-endemic European Countriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spread of Leishmania infantum in Europe with dog travelling

Maia

Cardoso

2015

Veterinary Parasitology

110

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“…However, L. infantum antibody and molecular prevalence is usually considered lower in cats compared to dogs as well as cases of FeL are more rare Pennisi et al, 2015a). Sporadic or rare occurrence of both CanL and FeL in non-endemic areas can be the consequence of rehoming or travelling of companion animals (Solano-Gallego et al, 2009;Pennisi, 2015;Cleare et al, 2014;Svobodova et al, 2017;Richter et al, 2014;Rüfenacht et al, 2005;Best et al, 2014). Other Leishmania species are found in both dogs and cats in the New World (Leishmania amazonensis, Leishmania braziliensis, Leishmania mexicana, Leishmania venezuelensis) (Solano-Gallego et al, 2009;Pennisi et al, 2015a).…”

Section: Etiology Diffusion and Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feline leishmaniosis: Is the cat a small dog?

Pennisi¹,

Persichetti

2018

Veterinary Parasitology

135

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Leishmania infantum is a vector-borne zoonotic disease transmitted by phlebotomine sand flies and dogs are considered the main reservoir of the parasite. Feline leishmaniosis (FeL) caused by L. infantum is an emergent feline disease more and more frequently reported in endemic areas. This review summarizes current knowledge focusing similarities and differences with canine leishmaniosis (CanL). Cats are infected by the same Leishmania species than dogs but prevalence of the infection is lower and cases of disease are less frequently reported. Scarce information is available on adaptive immune response of cats naturally exposed to L. infantum infection and mechanisms responsible for susceptibility or resistance of feline hosts. However, about half of clinical cases of FeL are reported in cats with possible impaired immunocompetence. Coinfections or comorbidities are frequently detected in sick cats and they can contribute to a misrepresentation of clinical FeL albeit lesions associated with the presence of the parasite have been detected in skin, lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, liver, oral mucosa, stomach, large bowel, kidney, nasal exudate, lung, eye. As for dogs, skin or mucocutaneous lesions are the most common reason for veterinary consultation and finding on physical examination in cats with leishmaniosis. Molecular investigations of Leishmania DNA and anti- Leishmania antibody detection are largely used with the same methodologies for both CanL and FeL, however few information is available about their diagnostic performance in feline hosts. Treatment of cats with clinical FeL is still empirically based and off label by using the most common drugs prescribed to dogs. Life expectancy of cats with clinical FeL is usually good unless concurrent conditions or complications occur and prognosis does not seem significantly influenced by therapy or retroviral coinfection. According to current knowledge, cats can play a role as additional reservoir host of L. infantum and, in a « One Health » perspective, preventative measures should be taken. In conclusion, albeit feline infection and the associated cat disease caused by L. infantum is increasingly reported in endemic areas and have many similarities with CanL, consolidated evidence-based knowledge is not available and we cannot exclude that important differences between dogs and cats exist about transmission, immunopathogenesis and best practice for management and prevention.

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“… Leishmania Phlebotomus spp., Lutzomyia spp., Forcipomyia ( Lasiohelea ) spp. Leishmania species were once differentiated by their respective proliferative stages [18]. Female phlebotomine sand flies are the natural vectors for Leishmania transmission, and roughly 70 known animal species serve as reservoirs for human pathogenic Leishmania species, including rodents [20], dogs [21] and other mammals [22]. Approximately 20 species of Leishmania act as the aetiological agents of human leishmaniasis. Phytomonas Phthia picta , Nezara viridula , Oncopeltus fasciatus Phytomonas is a dixenous genus that includes several plant pathogens transmitted by phytophagous insects [140].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Female phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) are natural vectors for Leishmania transmission [18, 19], and roughly 70 animal species serve as reservoirs for human pathogenic Leishmania species, including rodents [20], dogs [21] and other mammals [22]. Australia and Antarctica had long been considered the only continents free of endemic Leishmania though the discovery of an Australian macropod-infecting species and its midge vector, Forcipomyia ( Lasiohelea ) spp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The evolution of trypanosomatid taxonomy

Kaufer¹,

Ellis²,

Stark³

et al. 2017

Parasites Vectors

165

114

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Trypanosomatids are protozoan parasites of the class Kinetoplastida predominately restricted to invertebrate hosts (i.e. possess a monoxenous life-cycle). However, several genera are pathogenic to humans, animals and plants, and have an invertebrate vector that facilitates their transmission (i.e. possess a dixenous life-cycle). Phytomonas is one dixenous genus that includes several plant pathogens transmitted by phytophagous insects. Trypanosoma and Leishmania are dixenous genera that infect vertebrates, including humans, and are transmitted by hematophagous invertebrates. Traditionally, monoxenous trypanosomatids such as Leptomonas were distinguished from morphologically similar dixenous species based on their restriction to an invertebrate host. Nonetheless, this criterion is somewhat flawed as exemplified by Leptomonas seymouri which reportedly infects vertebrates opportunistically. Similarly, Novymonas and Zelonia are presumably monoxenous genera yet sit comfortably in the dixenous clade occupied by Leishmania. The isolation of Leishmania macropodum from a biting midge (Forcipomyia spp.) rather than a phlebotomine sand fly calls into question the exclusivity of the Leishmania-sand fly relationship, and its suitability for defining the Leishmania genus. It is now accepted that classic genus-defining characteristics based on parasite morphology and host range are insufficient to form the sole basis of trypanosomatid taxonomy as this has led to several instances of paraphyly. While improvements have been made, resolution of evolutionary relationships within the Trypanosomatidae is confounded by our incomplete knowledge of its true diversity. The known trypanosomatids probably represent a fraction of those that exist and isolation of new species will help resolve relationships in this group with greater accuracy. This review incites a dialogue on how our understanding of the relationships between certain trypanosomatids has shifted, and discusses new knowledge that informs the present taxonomy of these important parasites.

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The diagnosis and management of a case of leishmaniosis in a dog imported to Australia

Cited by 11 publications

References 16 publications

Spread of Leishmania infantum in Europe with dog travelling

Spread of Leishmania infantum in Europe with dog travelling

Feline leishmaniosis: Is the cat a small dog?

The evolution of trypanosomatid taxonomy

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