The diagnosis and treatment of H-type tracheoesophageal fistula

H-type tracheoesophageal fistula in an extremely low birth weight premature neonate: appearance on magnetic resonance imaging

“…This would increase the diagnostic potential and avoid unnecessary delays in the management. 3,7,8 However, in the critically ill premature infant, invasive investigations could not be performed as being potentially hazardous, and not always easy to achieve. Ou et al 10 reported that the high-resolution CT scan with air distention of esophagus to be a valuable diagnostic utility as an alternative noninvasive modality in this clinical situation.…”

“…[3][4][5][6] In spite of these, fistula identification can be elusive and difficult thus delaying the prompt diagnosis to early childhood or even to adulthood. 7,8 The rarity of the condition and concurrent problems as respiratory distress and gastroesophageal reflux may also postpone the detection of TEF in preterm newborns. 9 Also radiological investigations can be difficult to achieve and may yield increased risk of respiratory arrest especially in a low birth weight and sick infant.…”

H-Type Tracheoesophageal Fistula with Incomplete Double Aortic Arch in an Infant

“…H-type tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) is an uncommon malformation, accounts for 4-5% of all congenital tracheoesophageal malformations [1,2]. Incomplete double aortic arch is a rare form of complete vascular ring, encircling both the trachea and esophagus resulting in respiratory and esophageal symptoms like stridor, dyspnea, cough, and recurrent respiratory infections [3].…”

Evaluating Necessity of Azygos Vein Ligation in Primary Repair of Esophageal Atresia

“…The site of entrance is usually the right fourth intercostal space, and the extrapleural approach is the method of choice for entering the thoracic space. Then, the Azygos vein is ligated and anastomosis is done [3,4]. This technique of surgery has dramatically improved the survival of infants with this condition [1].…”