The Diagnosis of Infantile Autism

Clancy, Helen; Dugdalei, Alan; Rendle‐Shortt, John

doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.1969.tb01461.x

Cited by 57 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Within the first screening phase, four instruments were used including the CABS (n = 15) [24], the ABC (n = 3)[60], the Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (CHAT) (n = 3) [13] and the Autism Spectrum Disorder in Adults Screening Questionnaire (ASDASQ) (n = 1) [61]. Three studies used the ABC and two used the CARS as screening tools after the first screening phase [26].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A recent study reviewed the instruments used for case identification of ASC in mainland China [23]. It indicated that the Clancy Autism Behavior Scale (CABS) [24] and the Autism Behavior Checklist (ABC) [25] as screening instruments, and the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) [26] as a diagnostic instrument, were the most frequently used in mainland China. The CABS was developed in 1969 [24] and introduced into China in the late 1980s.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been widely used in epidemiological research on childhood autism in mainland China, however the data on its validity and reliability in the West is lacking. The CABS was first published in 1969 [24]. However, there is no literature focusing on the utility of the CABS in the Western population.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence of autism in mainland China, Hong Kong and Taiwan: a systematic review and meta-analysis

et al. 2013

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BackgroundThe prevalence of autism spectrum conditions (ASC) is 1% in developed countries, but little data are available from mainland China, Hong Kong and Taiwan. This study synthesizes evidence relating to the prevalence of ASC in these areas and assesses the effects of research methodology on prevalence estimates.MethodsSystematic literature searches were conducted in PubMed, Web of Knowledge, China Web of Knowledge and Weipu databases, as well as relevant papers published from 1987 to 2011, reporting prevalence estimates of ASC or childhood autism in mainland China, Hong Kong and Taiwan. Summary estimates of prevalence were calculated with a random effects model. The effects of research methodology on the prevalence estimates were assessed using a meta-regression model.ResultsThere were 25 studies eligible for review, 18 of which were suitable for inclusion in a meta-analysis. Pooled prevalence of childhood autism was 11.8 per 10,000 individuals (95% confidence interval (CI): 8.2, 15.3) in mainland China. Pooled prevalence of ASC was 26.6 per 10,000 (95% CI: 18.5, 34.6) in three areas. Substantial heterogeneity was identified between studies (I2>75%). The prevalence estimate of childhood autism was most strongly associated with the choice of screening instrument. After adjustment for age group, the odds ratio for prevalence estimates when using the Autism Behavior Checklist (ABC) as the screening instrument compared with those using the Clancy Autism Behavior Scale (CABS) was 0.29 (95% CI: 0.12, 0.69), and 1.79 (95% CI: 0.70, 4.55; P= 0.20) when using the Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (CHAT) compared to the CABS.ConclusionsThe available studies investigating the prevalence of ASC in China, Hong Kong and Taiwan have focused mainly on childhood autism rather than the whole spectrum. The prevalence estimates are lower than estimates from developed countries. Studies using more recently developed screening instruments reported higher prevalence than older ones. However, available studies have methodological weaknesses and therefore these results lack comparability with those from developed countries. Our findings indicate a potential under-diagnosis and under-detection of ASC in mainland China, Hong Kong and Taiwan, and a need to adopt more advanced methods for research of ASC in these areas.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence of autism in mainland China, Hong Kong and Taiwan: a systematic review and meta-analysis

et al. 2013

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“…In the present study, none of the ASD subjects fulfilled a DSM-IV diagnosis (American Psychiatric Association, 1996) of any mental disorders (schizophrenia, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, depressive disorder, and bipolar disorder), as well as suffered from epileptic seizures and fragile X syndrome on the basis of medical history reported by parents. TD controls were required to be free of psychiatric, neurological or physical disorders in the present or past on the basis of medical history reported by parents and with a score of <7 on the Clancy Autism Behavior Scale (CABS) (Clancy et al, 1969). To ensure the robustness of the experiments, none of the participants in any group were taking special drugs, such as psychotropic or immune-altering medications.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serum Oxytocin Levels and an Oxytocin Receptor Gene Polymorphism (rs2254298) Indicate Social Deficits in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorders

et al. 2017

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The neuropeptide oxytocin (OT) and its receptor (OXTR) have been predicted to be involved in the regulation of social functioning in autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Objective of the study was to investigate serum OT levels and the OXTR rs2254298 polymorphism in Chinese Han children and adolescents with ASD as well as to identify their social deficits relevant to the oxytocinergic system. We tested serum OT levels using ELISA in 55 ASD subjects and 110 typically developing (TD) controls as well as genotyped the OXTR rs2254298 polymorphism using PCR-RFLP in 100 ASD subjects and 232 TD controls. Autistic symptoms were assessed by the Autism Behavior Checklist (ABC) and the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS). There were no significant associations between OXTR rs2254298 polymorphism and ASD, serum OT levels and age, as well as serum OT levels and intelligent quotient (IQ) in both ASD and TD groups. However, ASD subjects exhibited elevated serum OT levels compared to TD controls and positive correlations between serum OT levels and “adaptation to change score” in the CARS and CARS total scores. Moreover, in the ASD group, significant relationships were revealed between the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs2254298 and serum OT levels, the category “stereotypes and object use” in the ABC and the category “adaptation to change” in the CARS. These findings indicated that individuals with ASD may exhibit a dysregulation in OT on the basis of changes in OXTR gene expression as well as environmentally induced alterations of the oxytocinergic system to determine their social deficits.

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“…In the present study, none of the participants in any group were taking drugs. Exclusion criteria for both groups included medical history of epileptic seizures, head trauma, and known psychiatric, neurological or genetic disorders, and TD controls were with a score of < 7 on the Clancy Autism Behavior Scale (CABS) 57 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

GABAA receptor subunit gene polymorphisms predict symptom-based and developmental deficits in Chinese Han children and adolescents with autistic spectrum disorders

Yang

Guo

Dong

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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GABAA receptor subunit genes GABRB3, GABRA5, and GABRG3 located on chromosome 15q11-q13 have been implicated in the etiology of autistic spectrum disorders (ASD). This study intended to investigate the possible role of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) present in GABRB3 (rs2081648 and rs1426217), GABRA5 (rs35586628), and GABRG3 (rs208129) genes in ASD susceptibility and symptom-based and developmental phenotypes of ASD in Chinese Han children and adolescents. 99 ASD patients and 231 age- and gender- frequency-matched typical developing (TD) controls were tested by TaqMan® genotyping assay. Symptom-based phenotypes were evaluated by Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) and Autism Behavior Checklist (ABC), and developmental phenotypes were assessed by Early Childhood Development Questionnaire (ECDQ) in ASD patients. Three haplotypes and global χ 2 test of all SNPs demonstrated significant associations between ASD and TD groups. Besides, GABRB3 rs2081648, GABRA5 rs35586628, and GABRG3 rs208129 polymorphisms were associated with symptom-based deficits in social interaction, sensorimotor and somatosensory coordination, visual response, imitation, activity level, language expression and adaptability. Developmental abnormalities in late emergences of social interaction and fine motor were detected in GABRB3 rs2081648 polymorphism. Overall results indicated that gene synergy may participate in ASD pathogenesis, and GABAA receptor gene polymorphisms can predict symptom-based and developmental deficits in ASD individuals.

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The Diagnosis of Infantile Autism

Cited by 57 publications

References 5 publications

Prevalence of autism in mainland China, Hong Kong and Taiwan: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Prevalence of autism in mainland China, Hong Kong and Taiwan: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Serum Oxytocin Levels and an Oxytocin Receptor Gene Polymorphism (rs2254298) Indicate Social Deficits in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorders

GABAA receptor subunit gene polymorphisms predict symptom-based and developmental deficits in Chinese Han children and adolescents with autistic spectrum disorders

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