The Diagnostic Value of Controlled Oral Word Association Test-FAS and Category Fluency in Single-Domain Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment

Malek-Ahmadi, Michael; Small, Brent J.; Raj, Ashok

doi:10.1159/000334525

Cited by 49 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…A study on 96 athletes suffering from a sport-related concussion did not reveal significant difference with controls [33], but in mild cognitive impairment (preclinical stage of AD), impairment was seen compared to controls [34].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Neurological Assessment and Its Relationship to CSF Biomarkers in Amateur Boxers

et al. 2014

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BackgroundMild traumatic brain injury (TBI) or concussion is common in many sports. Today, neuropsychological evaluation is recommended in the monitoring of a concussion and in return-to-play considerations. To investigate the sensitivity of neuropsychological assessment, we tested amateur boxers post bout and compared with controls. Further the relationship between neuropsychological test results and brain injury biomarkers in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were investigated.MethodThirty amateur boxers on high elite level with a minimum of 45 bouts and 25 non-boxing matched controls were included. Memory tests (Rey Osterrieth Complex Figure, Listening Span, Digit Span, Controlled Word Association Test, and computerized testing of episodic memory), tests of processing speed and executive functions (Trail Making, Reaction Time, and Finger Tapping) were performed and related to previously published CSF biomarker results for the axonal injury marker neurofilament light (NFL).ResultsThe neurological assessment showed no significant differences between boxers and controls, although elevated CSF NFL, as a sign of axonal injury, was detected in about 80% of the boxers 1–6 days post bout. The investigation of the relationship between neuropsychological evaluation and CSF NFL concentrations revealed that boxers with persisting NFL concentration elevation after at least 14 days resting time post bout, had a significantly poorer performance on Trail Making A (p = 0.041) and Simple Reaction Time (p = 0.042) compared to other boxers.ConclusionThis is the first study showing traumatic axonal brain injury can be present without measureable cognitive impairment. The repetitive, subconcussive head trauma in amateur boxing causes axonal injury that can be detected with analysis of CSF NFL, but is not sufficient to produce impairment in memory tests, tests of processing speed, or executive functions. The association of prolonged CSF NFL increase in boxers with impairment of processing speed is an interesting observation, which needs to be verified in larger studies.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Neurological Assessment and Its Relationship to CSF Biomarkers in Amateur Boxers

et al. 2014

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“…The so-called “single-domain” aMCI patients should have intact EF. However, as shown in some recent studies [13,14], clinically diagnosed single-domain aMCI patients exhibited significant EF deficits when they performed some special EF tasks that were not included in the routine clinical neuropsychological assessment. As this study only concerned with EF of aMCI patients and the sample size was small, we did not classify the aMCI patients into single-domain and multiple-domain subtype groups.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The overall impairment of core executive function components in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment: a cross-sectional study

et al. 2012

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BackgroundIt remains unclear how executive function (EF) is affected in the stage of amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). Previous studies using different methods to assess EF in patients with aMCI have reached inconsistent conclusions. The aim of the study was to explore the characteristics of EF impairments in patients with aMCI.MethodsWe investigated three core components of EF (i.e., working memory, response inhibition and task switching) based on the theoretical model of EF proposed by Miyake et al. (2000) in 34 aMCI patients and 36 healthy elderly controls using computerized tasks programmed with E-prime (the 2-back task and the keep track task for working memory, the stop-signal task and the Stroop task for response inhibition and the more-odd shifting task for task switching). The overall EF and the three individual EF components were compared between groups. For EF components that were impaired, the extent of impairment was compared using a paired analysis. The aMCI group was further divided into EF-intact and EF-deficit groups according to their performances on the EF tests in clinical neuropsychological assessments. We tested for group differences among the normal controls and the EF-intact and EF-deficit aMCI groups and paid special attention to the comparisons between the EF-intact aMCI group and the control group.ResultsCompared to the control group, overall EF was significantly impaired in patients with aMCI (Wilks’ λ=0.572,P<0.001). Four tasks (the 2-back task, the keep track task, the stop-signal task and the more-odd shifting task) that tapped the three core components of EF displayed group differences that favored the normal controls. The results of the Stroop task revealed no differences in performance between the two groups. The EF-intact aMCI patients also exhibited significantly impaired capabilities in the four tasks compared to the normal controls. There were no significant differences in the extent of impairment between the four affected tasks in the aMCI group, suggesting that the three core EF components were impaired to the same extent.ConclusionsBoth the overall EF and all of the core EF components in the Miyake model of EF (working memory, response inhibition and task switching) were significantly impaired in aMCI patients, regardless of whether they had shown obvious clinical executive dysfunction.

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“…Whereas COWAT is known to reflect frontal lobe function, no sufficient consensus has yet been developed as to the specific interpretation or neuroanatomical correlates. 57 Taking such a difference into consideration, we analyzed the Stroop Test and COWAT individually, and found that the Stroop Test was of borderline significance level, while the COWAT was significant. We could presume the reason for such a difference is that the 2 tests exert different effects on general intelligence, autonomic instability, neuroanatomical change, etc.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frontal Lobe Function and Risk of Hip Fracture in Patient With Alzheimer Disease

et al. 2015

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To determine the association between frontal lobe function and risk of hip fracture in patients with Alzheimer disease (AD).Retrospective cohort study using multicenter hospital-based dementia registry and national health insurance claim data was done. Participants who had available data of neuropsychological test, national health insurance claim, and other covariates were included. A total of 1660 patients with AD were included based on Stroop Test results. A total of 1563 patients with AD were included based on the Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWAT) results. Hip fracture was measured by validated identification criteria using national health insurance claim data. Frontal lobe function was measured by Stroop Test and COWAT at baseline.After adjusting for potential covariates, including cognitive function in other domains (language, verbal and nonverbal memory, and attention), the Cox proportional hazard regression analysis revealed that risk of a hip fracture was decreased with a hazard ratio (HR) of 0.98 per one point of increase in the Stroop Test (adjusted HR = 0.98, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.97–1.00) and 0.93 per one point increase in COWAT (adjusted HR = 0.93, 95% CI: 0.88–0.99).The risk of hip fracture in AD patients was associated with baseline frontal lobe function. The result of this research presents evidence of association between frontal lobe function and risk of hip fracture in patients with AD.

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The Diagnostic Value of Controlled Oral Word Association Test-FAS and Category Fluency in Single-Domain Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment

Cited by 49 publications

References 67 publications

Neurological Assessment and Its Relationship to CSF Biomarkers in Amateur Boxers

Neurological Assessment and Its Relationship to CSF Biomarkers in Amateur Boxers

The overall impairment of core executive function components in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment: a cross-sectional study

Frontal Lobe Function and Risk of Hip Fracture in Patient With Alzheimer Disease

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