The Diagnostic Value of Vaginal Smears in Carcinoma of the Uterus**This study has been aided by the Commonwealth Fund. Presented before the New York Obstetrical Society, March 11, 1941.

Papanicolaou, George N.; Traut, Herbert F.

doi:10.1016/s0002-9378(16)40621-6

Cited by 495 publications

(51 citation statements)

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“…Since Papanicolaou & Traut (1941) developed their staining techniques, the effective application of cytological techniques in the detection of asymptomatic cancers is now widely and successfully used in the prevention of uterine cervical cancer. Thus, together with its use in the detection of early cancer in other sites, it has been suggested that similar techniques might be equally effective in the detection of asymptomatic oral malignancy (Montgomery 1951, Staats & Goldsby 1963.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative Exfoliative Cytology of Normal Oral Squames: An Age, Site and Sex-Related Survey

1985

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Summary: This study describes the development of quantitative cytological techniques and their application to oral smears. Nuclear and cell size has been measured and matched with age, sex and site in an attempt to produce a baseline for comparison with identical measurements carried out on pathological smears. The results displayed a significant variation in nuclear and cytoplasmic area between different sites. Nuclear size varied significantly with advancing age; however, this was not the case for cytoplasmic area. There was no significant variation in either criterion between males and females.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative Exfoliative Cytology of Normal Oral Squames: An Age, Site and Sex-Related Survey

1985

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“…When in 1941 George N. Papanicolaou demonstrated the potential diagnostic value of his method for staining cervical smears for cervical cancer [1], little did he know of the colossal benefits his method was about to confer in terms of cancer prevention and cost savings for women, their families, and societies worldwide. However, despite more than 70 years of using the Papanicolaou (Pap) test and successfully treating affected patients, today cervical cancer is the second leading type of cancer affecting women worldwide [1-3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, despite more than 70 years of using the Papanicolaou (Pap) test and successfully treating affected patients, today cervical cancer is the second leading type of cancer affecting women worldwide [1-3]. Approximately, 80% of cervical cancer cases are diagnosed in low-income countries, where cervical cancer is the first cause of death and morbidity [3-5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Over the years, the Pap staining technique has been modified a number of times to improve the indices of specificity, sensitivity, and reproducibility. However, at present there is a lack of scientific evidence documenting the tremendous negative environmental impact caused by the massive daily use and disposal of reagents for this method, such as hydrochloric acid, ammonia, and mercury oxide (used for staining the nuclei of cells), and the use of xylene for clarifying the cells’ cytoplasm [1, 4, 6-9]. Clearly, substituting xylene with similar, less polluting reagents is not cost-effective and, therefore, not applicable, particularly in low-income countries, where diseases associated with these toxic reagents affecting laboratory workers have been documented [10-12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Eco-Pap: The Ecological Modification of the Papanicolaou Stain for Sustainable Cervical Cancer Diagnosis

Moya‐Salazar

Rojas‐Zumaran

2018

Acta Cytologica

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Objectives: To validate the ecological modification of the Papanicolaou stain (Eco-Pap) for the diagnosis of cervical cancer. Study Design: A prospective study was performed at the Mother and Child “San Bartolomé” Hospital, Lima, Peru. Reagent handling strategies were divided into three phases: we used (1) Harris progressive hematoxylin (for nuclear staining), (2) a polychromatic solution (a mix of EA-36/Orange G-6 to suppress the use of several alcohol baths), and (3) direct mounting (with Entellan® solution). The cellular details were analyzed by the staining quality index, an external quality control, and the Bethesda System 2014. Results: We evaluated 72,901 cervical smears stained with the Eco-Pap. The validation of the Eco-Pap against the conventional Pap stain was optimal (κ = 0.89; 95% CI: 0.87–0.92), showing a sensibility and specificity of 88.3% (95% CI: 85.1–90.0) and 98.7% (95% CI: 98–99.2), respectively. The Eco-Pap dramatically reduced the environmental pollution caused by 72 L of xylene, hydrochloric acid, and ammonia (6 L each) and mercury oxide. Conclusion: The Eco-Pap is an innovative and efficient staining method reducing the use of toxic reagents with carcinogenic potential during cervical cancer screening by exfoliative cytology.

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“…Early diagnosis of carcinoma of the cervix by cervical smear has been the subject of many papers since the method was first described by Papanicolaou and Traut (1941); and this procedure may lead to the early recognition of the condition of Stage 0 carcinoma, or carcinoma in situ. At this stage, carcinomatous cells are confined to the cervical epithelium, and the only argument has been whether this condition must progress to invasive cancer.…”

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confidence: 99%

Screening for Carcinoma of the Uterine Cervix in a V.D. Clinic

Farrer¹,

Tatham²

1962

Sexually Transmitted Infections

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Early diagnosis of carcinoma of the cervix by cervical smear has been the subject of many papers since the method was first described by Papanicolaou and Traut (1941) At a routine local genital examination, a scraping of cervical mucosa was taken with a wooden "mutton bone" spatula (Ayre, 1947) and spread evenly on to a slide marked with the patient's number. The slides were immediately stored in jars containing Schauddin's medium as a fixative and were taken to the laboratory once daily, where they were stained with haematoxylin and eosin and examined by the pathologist.In an initial series, the slides showed many abnormal cells due to inflammation, and a heavy overlay with pus cells and bacteria. It was therefore decided to delay screening until the patient had been given initial treatment (i.e. until the second or third visit). ResultsAmong the 235 cervical scrapes done, four were reported to be highly suggestive of carcinoma, and two contained suspicious cells. These six cases are reviewed below.Case Reports Case 1, an English woman aged 39, with a previous history of gonorrhoea, attended with a vaginal discharge. Non-gonococcal genital infection was diagnosed and treated. The cervix then appeared normal, but the cervical scrape showed atypical cells. She was referred to the gynaecological department, where biopsy revealed carcinoma in situ. She was-admitted for total hysterectomy. Case 2, an English woman aged 40, attended with trichomonal vaginitis. The cervical scrape showed atypical cells despite a clinically normal cervix, and carcinoma in situ was confirmed by biopsy. She was admitted for total hysterectomy.Case 3, a Barbadian woman aged 32, under treatment for gonorrhoea, was noted to have some patches of leukoplakia surrounding the external cervical os. The cervical scrape showed atypical cells. Biopsy confirmed this, and at total hysterectomy she was found to have Stage One carcinoma of the cervix, but without metastatic spread.Case 4, an English woman aged 38, presented because of post-coital bleeding. No signs of venereal disease were found, but she had a large erosion of the cervix, which was thought to be traumatic as she admitted to intravaginal manipulation with the handle of a breadknife 230 * Short paper read to the M.S

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The Diagnostic Value of Vaginal Smears in Carcinoma of the Uterus**This study has been aided by the Commonwealth Fund. Presented before the New York Obstetrical Society, March 11, 1941.

Cited by 495 publications

References 2 publications

Quantitative Exfoliative Cytology of Normal Oral Squames: An Age, Site and Sex-Related Survey

Quantitative Exfoliative Cytology of Normal Oral Squames: An Age, Site and Sex-Related Survey

Eco-Pap: The Ecological Modification of the Papanicolaou Stain for Sustainable Cervical Cancer Diagnosis

Screening for Carcinoma of the Uterine Cervix in a V.D. Clinic

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