The Dialogue of the Host-Parasite Relationship:<i>Leishmania</i>spp. and<i>Trypanosoma cruzi</i>Infection

Morais, Carlos Gustavo; Lima, Ana Karina Castro; Terra, Rodrigo; Santos, Rosiane Freire dos; Da-Silva, Silvia A. G.; Dutra, Patrícia Maria Lourenço

doi:10.1155/2015/324915

Cited by 35 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 231 publications

(212 reference statements)

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“…Parasites infect the host's macrophages and in the period of 12–24 h the endosome area would contain carbon dioxide, high temperature and low pH, gets transmitted to nonmotile amastigote and therefore gets multiplied in the vesicles of macrophages. [ 10 ] Following that, the macrophages get ruptured, and consequently, infection gets transmitted to other macrophages.…”

Section: Immunological Response Against Leishmania Infantummentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunology and Genetic of Leishmania infantum: The Role of Endonuclease G in the Apoptosis

et al. 2018

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Leishmania infantum is the causative agent of infantile visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in the Mediterranean region. Despite developing protective responses, the disease progresses due to many of factors. These include the action of suppressive cytokines, exhaustion of specific T cells, loss of lymphoid tissue, and defective humoral response. Genetic changes that occur inside the genome of alienated or parasite cells, along with immune responses, play an important role in controlling or progressing the disease. Proapoptotic proteins such as Smac/DIABLO, EndoG, AIF (apoptosis-inducing factor), and cytochrome C are effective in apoptosis. EndoG is a mitochondrion-specific nuclease that translocates to the nucleus during apoptosis. Once released from mitochondria, endoG cleaves chromatin DNA into nucleosomal fragments independently of caspases. Therefore, endoG represents a caspase-independent apoptotic pathway initiated from the mitochondria. A comprehensive understanding of the immune and genetic events that occur during VL is very important for designing immunotherapy strategies and developing effective vaccines for disease prevention. In this review which explained the immunological responses and also the important factors that can contribute to parasite apoptosis and are used in subsequent studies as a target for the preparation of drugs or recombinant vaccines against parasites are briefly reviewed.

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Section: Immunological Response Against Leishmania Infantummentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunology and Genetic of Leishmania infantum: The Role of Endonuclease G in the Apoptosis

et al. 2018

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“…further reinfection of the exogenous antigen of the worm [13]. One condition for this to happen is that, MHC of Th2 must recognize B cell receptor, adhere, synthesize IL-4 and CD4 ligand which orchestrates cytoskeletal changes in activated B cells [15]. The production of antibodies against the antigen of the worm lead to protective outcome such as precipitation, agglutination and complement system activation [17].…”

Section: Overview Roles Of Interleukin 4 In Urinary Schistosomiasismentioning

confidence: 99%

Interleukin 4 (IL-4) in Urinary Schistosomiasis as a Diagnostic Biomarker During Its Reinfection- A Review

Ighodaro¹

2017

IJCEMS

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Urinary schistosomiasis is caused by Schistosoma heamatobium worm and it is most common source of haematuria (blood in urine) worldwide. This disease has long been recognized as serious public health to man especially in countries like Nigeria, Egypt, with currently more than 790 million people at risk. Since IL-4 stimulates IgE production, the hypothesis that Helper T cell 2 (Th2) associated with cell immunity participate in protection to reinfection in an anti-inflammatory dichotomy manner. IL-4 confers proliferation of T cells, induction of class switching immunoglobulins and also serve as a biomarker in co association with IL-5 for (Th2). The aim of this review paper is to simplify the immunological mechanism that happens when Schistosome worm elicit strong humoral and cellular response in definite host.

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“…are parasites belonging to Tryanosomatidae family that includes important pathogens of both human and animal. It is estimated that about 25 million people worldwide are affected by these two protozoa [1]. In particular Trypanosoma brucei is responsible for neglected pathologies such as chronic and acute human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), also known as sleeping sickness [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spiro-containing derivatives show antiparasitic activity against Trypanosoma brucei through inhibition of the trypanothione reductase enzyme

Turcano¹,

Battista

Haro³

et al. 2020

PLoS Negl Trop Dis

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Trypanothione reductase (TR) is a key enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of trypanothione, an antioxidant dithiol that protects Trypanosomatid parasites from oxidative stress induced by mammalian host defense systems. TR is considered an attractive target for the development of novel anti-parasitic agents as it is essential for parasite survival but has no close homologue in humans. We report here the identification of spiro-containing derivatives as inhibitors of TR from Trypanosoma brucei (TbTR), the parasite responsible for Human African Trypanosomiasis. The hit series, identified by high throughput screening, was shown to bind TbTR reversibly and to compete with the trypanothione (TS 2) substrate. The prototype compound 1 from this series was also found to impede the growth of Trypanosoma brucei parasites in vitro. The X-ray crystal structure of TbTR in complex with compound 1 solved at 1.98 Å allowed the identification of the hydrophobic pocket where the inhibitor binds, placed close to the catalytic histidine (His 461') and lined by Trp21, Val53, Ile106, Tyr110 and Met113. This new inhibitor is specific for TbTR and no activity was detected against the structurally similar human glutathione reductase (hGR). The central spiro scaffold is known to be suitable for brain active compounds in humans thus representing an attractive starting point for the future treatment of the central nervous system stage of T. brucei infections.

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The Dialogue of the Host-Parasite Relationship:Leishmaniaspp. andTrypanosoma cruziInfection

Cited by 35 publications

References 231 publications

Immunology and Genetic of Leishmania infantum: The Role of Endonuclease G in the Apoptosis

Immunology and Genetic of Leishmania infantum: The Role of Endonuclease G in the Apoptosis

Interleukin 4 (IL-4) in Urinary Schistosomiasis as a Diagnostic Biomarker During Its Reinfection- A Review

Spiro-containing derivatives show antiparasitic activity against Trypanosoma brucei through inhibition of the trypanothione reductase enzyme

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