The Diatom Attachment Scar<i>Ophthalmichnus lyolithon</i>igen. et isp. n.

Wisshak, Max; Alexandrakis, Eleni; Hoppenrath, Mona

doi:10.1080/10420940.2014.907572

Cited by 12 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 22 publications

(25 reference statements)

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“…Identification of bioerosion traces followed descriptions in [ 17 , 41 – 43 ]. The bioerosion traces were ichnotaxonomically identified to ichnospecies level or described in informal nomenclature (e.g.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Water Depth, Seasonal Exposure, and Substrate Orientation on Microbial Bioerosion in the Ionian Sea (Eastern Mediterranean)

et al. 2015

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The effects of water depth, seasonal exposure, and substrate orientation on microbioerosion were studied by means of a settlement experiment deployed in 15, 50, 100, and 250 m water depth south-west of the Peloponnese Peninsula (Greece). At each depth, an experimental platform was exposed for a summer period, a winter period, and about an entire year. On the up- and down-facing side of each platform, substrates were fixed to document the succession of bioerosion traces, and to measure variations in bioerosion and accretion rates. In total, 29 different bioerosion traces were recorded revealing a dominance of microborings produced by phototrophic and organotrophic microendoliths, complemented by few macroborings, attachment scars, and grazing traces. The highest bioerosion activity was recorded in 15 m up-facing substrates in the shallow euphotic zone, largely driven by phototrophic cyanobacteria. Towards the chlorophyte-dominated deep euphotic to dysphotic zones and the organotroph-dominated aphotic zone the intensity of bioerosion and the diversity of bioerosion traces strongly decreased. During summer the activity of phototrophs was higher than during winter, which was likely stimulated by enhanced light availability due to more hours of daylight and increased irradiance angles. Stable water column stratification and a resulting nutrient depletion in shallow water led to lower turbidity levels and caused a shift in the photic zonation that was reflected by more phototrophs being active at greater depth. With respect to the subordinate bioerosion activity of organotrophs, fluctuations in temperature and the trophic regime were assumed to be the main seasonal controls. The observed patterns in overall bioeroder distribution and abundance were mirrored by the calculated carbonate budget with bioerosion rates exceeding carbonate accretion rates in shallow water and distinctly higher bioerosion rates at all depths during summer. These findings highlight the relevance of bioerosion and accretion for the carbonate budget of the Ionian Sea.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Water Depth, Seasonal Exposure, and Substrate Orientation on Microbial Bioerosion in the Ionian Sea (Eastern Mediterranean)

et al. 2015

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“…arcuatus , were found below some spirorbid and serpulid worms, and another trace that was commonly associated with serpulids (producer unknown) was the ‘bunched whips form’ sensu Wisshak et al (2011). In addition, ring‐shaped micro‐etchings of the ichnospecies Ophthalmichnus lyolithon were found, representing traces produced by attachment of sessile diatoms (Wisshak et al, 2014).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

‘Ten Years After’—a long‐term settlement and bioerosion experiment in an Arctic rhodolith bed (Mosselbukta, Svalbard)

et al. 2021

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Rhodolith beds and bioherms formed by ecosystem engineering crustose coralline algae support the northernmost centres of carbonate production, referred to as polar cold‐water carbonate factories. Yet, little is known about biodiversity and recruitment of these hard‐bottom communities or the bioeroders degrading them, and there is a demand for carbonate budgets to include respective rates of polar carbonate build‐up and bioerosion. To address these issues, a 10‐year settlement and bioerosion experiment was carried out at the Arctic Svalbard archipelago in and downslope of a rhodolith bed. The calcifiers recorded on experimental settlement tiles (56 taxa) were dominated by bryozoans, serpulids and foraminiferans. The majority of the bioerosion traces (30 ichnotaxa) were microborings, followed by attachment etchings and grazing traces. Biodiversity metrics show that calcifier diversity and bioerosion ichnodiversity are both elevated in the rhodolith bed, if compared to adjacent aphotic waters, but these differences are statistically insignificant. Accordingly, there were only low to moderate dissimilarities in the calcifier community structure and bioerosion trace assemblages between the two depth stations (46 and 127 m), substrate orientations (up‐ and down‐facing) and substrate types (PVC and limestone), in that order of relevance. In contrast, surface coverage as well as the carbonate accretion and bioerosion rates were all significantly elevated in the rhodolith bed, reflecting higher abundance or size of calcifiers and bioerosion traces. All three measures were highest for up‐facing substrates at 46 m, with a mean coverage of 78.2% (on PVC substrates), a mean accretion rate of 24.6 g m−2 year−1 (PVC), and a mean bioerosion rate of −35.1 g m−2 year−1 (limestone). Differences in these metrics depend on the same order of factors than the community structure. Considering all limestone substrates of the two platforms, carbonate accretion and bioerosion were nearly in balance at a net rate of −2.5 g m−2 year−1. A latitudinal comparison with previous settlement studies in the North Atlantic suggests that despite the harsh polar environment there is neither a depletion in the diversity of hard‐bottom calcifier communities nor in the ichnodiversity of grazing traces, attachment etchings and microborings formed by organotrophs. In contrast, microborings produced by phototrophs are strongly depleted because of limitations in the availability of light (condensed photic zonation, polar night, shading by sea ice). Also, macroborings were almost absent, surprisingly. With respect to carbonate production, the Svalbard carbonate factory marks the low end of a latitudinal gradient while bioerosion rates are similar or even higher than at comparable depth or photic regime at lower latitudes, although this might not apply to shallow euphotic waters (not covered in our experiment), given the observed depletion in bioeroding microphytes and macroborers. While echinoid grazing is particularly relevant for the bioerosion in ...

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“…This clearly demonstrates that the stalked D. geminata bores into hard substrates. While there have been several reports documenting the ability of several benthic diatoms (including species of the genera Cocconeis, Achnanthes, and Amphora) to etch shallow attachment scars in carbonate hard substrates due to the acidic polysaccharides in their adhesive mucilage, heretofore there have been no reports of bioeroding activity by stalked diatom such as D. geminata .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiphase Biomineralization: Enigmatic Invasive Siliceous Diatoms Produce Crystalline Calcite

Ehrlich

Motylenko

Sundareshwar

et al. 2016

Adv Funct Materials

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Diatoms are considered unicellular eukaryotic organisms exclusively depositing biogenic silica. Heretofore there has been no report of calcifi cation by these algae. Here it is shown that calcium carbonate within the stalks of Didymosphenia geminata , a nuisance species that has prolifi cally colonized streams and rivers globally, is biogenic in origin and occurs as a network of calcite nanofi bers. The nanofi brous framework in the mineralized polysaccharide matrix imparts mechanical support to the stalks, providing stability in variable fl ow conditions. The results demonstrate that D. geminata possesses cellular and periplasmic carbonic-anhydrases that contribute to carbon fi xation and biomineralization, respectively. The activity of external carbonic-anhydrase was more than 50% of the total activity, which points to its role in anchoring this bioeroding diatom on hard surfaces. The fi rst evidence of multiphase biomineralization by diatoms that deposit both biogenic silica and crystalline biogenic calcite which are imparting distinct functional advantage to the organism is provided.

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The Diatom Attachment ScarOphthalmichnus lyolithonigen. et isp. n.

Cited by 12 publications

References 22 publications

Effects of Water Depth, Seasonal Exposure, and Substrate Orientation on Microbial Bioerosion in the Ionian Sea (Eastern Mediterranean)

Effects of Water Depth, Seasonal Exposure, and Substrate Orientation on Microbial Bioerosion in the Ionian Sea (Eastern Mediterranean)

‘Ten Years After’—a long‐term settlement and bioerosion experiment in an Arctic rhodolith bed (Mosselbukta, Svalbard)

Multiphase Biomineralization: Enigmatic Invasive Siliceous Diatoms Produce Crystalline Calcite

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