The differences between retrospective and concurrent protocols in revealing the process-oriented aspects of the design process

Gero, John S.; Tang, Hsien-Hui

doi:10.1016/s0142-694x(00)00030-2

Cited by 94 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…While alternative methods of data collection such as observational study or protocol analysis (Blessing & Chakrabarti, 2009) may have provided a data set that could be treated as complete with confidence, they were considered impractical in this case due both to the difficulties in capturing reliable data (Gero & Tang, 2001) over the long duration and the limiting effect it may have on the working styles of the undergraduates.…”

Section: Source Of Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysing creative behaviour in the later stage design process

2013

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Creativity is widely seen as an important subject in the study of engineering design. This paper presents a framework and coding scheme for the analysis of creative designer behaviour within the later stage engineering design process, validated through a longitudinal study. By classifying the tasks that designers complete throughout the design process, analysis has demonstrated two different approaches to creative behaviour in later stage design, dependent on the way in which designers identify, develop and use knowledge and design variables. Through such analysis, the understanding required to develop specific and particularly appropriate methods of designer support can be developed, dependent on the stage of the design process and particular approach of the designer.

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Section: Source Of Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysing creative behaviour in the later stage design process

2013

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“…Comparing the time spent in problem analysis in Tang and Gero (2001) also shows a similar trend of less analysing activity (AP) compared to the other two micro activities (PS and AS).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 55%

“…This method is also known as "concurrent protocol" (Tang 2001, Ericsson andSimon 1993;van Someren, Barnard and Sandberg 1994). Furthermore, as noted by Gero and Tang (2001), using concurrent protocols reveals details of sequences of information processes reflecting the designer's short-term memory. Therefore, concurrent protocols reveal the process of design (Dorst and Dijkhuis 1996).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…These are quantified numerically in relation to their formal category, sub-categories or duration (Tang 2001;Gero and Tang 2001;Atman, Turns and Adams 2005). This quantitative approach is most common in design protocol analysis (Brereton et al 1996) and can focus on describing designer interaction through design process acts and design intents (Cardella, Atman and Adams 2006;Ataman 2000;Gero and McNeil 1998).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The impact of computer aided architectural design programs on conceptual design in an educational context

2014

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This is an author produced version of a paper published in Design Studies This version may not include final proof corrections and does not include published layout or pagination. Citation Details CopyrightItems in 'OpenAIR@RGU', Robert Gordon University Open Access Institutional Repository, are protected by copyright and intellectual property law. If you believe that any material held in 'OpenAIR@RGU' infringes copyright, please contact openair-help@rgu.ac.uk with details. The item will be removed from the repository while the claim is investigated. "NOTICE: this is the author's version of a work that was accepted for publication in Design Studies. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive version was subsequently published in Design Studies, [VOL 35, ISSUE 4 THE IMPACT OF COMPUTER AIDED ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN PROGRAMS ON CONCEPTUAL DESIGN IN AN EDUCATIONAL CONTEXT AbstractLittle research has been undertaken concerning the manner in which students use computer aided architectural design (CAAD) programs for conceptual design. The research aim was to explore the potential impact of CAAD programs as conceptual design tools within architectural design methodologies. Therefore, the study aimed to understand the effect of CAAD on self-reflection using a think-aloud method. The findings demonstrate that participants used CAAD representations for concept development, information visualisation and presentation of design strategies. Results from the detailed analysis of design process are enlightening, particularly in terms of the cyclical nature of conceptual design. Furthermore, the use of a micro-detail protocol study within this context suggests an appropriate methodology for application in further study of the architectural design process.

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“…Unlike retrospective protocols for gathering verbal data, no set questions are asked. Designers are encouraged to give a concurrent account of their thoughts and to avoid interpreting what they are doing (Gero and Tang, 2001). This method is more successful because almost all of a designer's conscious effort is aimed at achieving the design task.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%