The different ecological niches of enterotoxigenic <scp><i>E</i></scp><i>scherichia coli</i>

Gonzales-Silès, Lucia; Sjöling, Åsa

doi:10.1111/1462-2920.13106

Cited by 65 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 103 publications

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“…Several bacterial pathogens were more prevalent during hot and rainy weather, which could favor the growth of bacteria in the environment or the contamination of water sources [29]. We found ST-ETEC was generally associated with warmer weather (in Mozambique, Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh), consistent with the previously observed association between ETEC and higher temperatures and not rainfall [30, 31]. A significant association between Cryptosporidium and rainy weather was identified in The Gambia, Mali, and Mozambique.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

The seasonality of diarrheal pathogens: A retrospective study of seven sites over three years

Chao

Roose

Roh

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Diarrheal disease is one of the leading causes of death among young children in the developing world. It is difficult to determine which of a wide variety of pathogens are most responsible for disease, since this differs by location and time of year. Here, we study the seasonal prevalence of several pathogens among children with moderate-to-severe diarrhea across study sites in Africa and South Asia. We found that several pathogens, including rotavirus, had regular annual peaks. Some pathogens were associated with weather conditions, such as heat or rain, or with general seasons of the year, such as summer or winter. We believe that describing the seasonal epidemiology of these pathogens could enable better diagnoses of symptomatic children based on the time of the year. Additionally, weather is a major driver of diarrheal pathogen transmission, and identifying the conditions associated with each pathogen could help us infer pathogen transmission pathways, predict large outbreaks, and develop intervention strategies. January 31, 2019 2/21 Pediatric diarrheal disease is caused by a wide variety of pathogens [1-3]. Various 2 studies have found that some pathogens are seasonal, peaking at different times of the 3 year [4-6]. Frequently, the seasonal periodicity of diarrheal disease is attributed to 4 weather, which could drive incidence by diverse mechanisms. For example, weather 5 conditions can favor the survival and replication of pathogens on fomites [7], the 6 transmission between human hosts through flooding and contamination of drinking 7 water [8], and the prevalence of vectors that transmit disease between hosts [9, 10]. 8 Weather has broadly been shown to be mathematically correlated with diarrhea 9 incidence [11, 12], with some computational studies claiming a causal link [13] despite 10 potential limitations to their methodology [14-16]. 11 However, most studies of disease seasonality have been conducted in temperate 12 climates, and substantially less is known about the seasonality of diseases in tropical 13 countries [17, 18], where diarrheal disease is one of the leading causes of morbidity and 14 mortality among children [19]. The wide variety of climates and populations in the 15 tropics make it challenging to uncover general patterns in the epidemiology of diarrheal 16 disease. Compounding these challenges, most studies are limited to sites within a single 17 country focused on a specific disease. Characterizing the seasonal epidemiology of these 18 pathogens could enable clinicians to better diagnose children based on the time of the 19 year. Additionally, identifying the weather conditions associated with each pathogen 20 could help us infer pathogen transmission pathways, predict large outbreaks, and 21 develop intervention strategies. 22 hydration; dysentery identified by blood in stool; or admission to the hospital for 49 diarrhea or dysentery [2]. To limit the number of enrollments and ensure balanced 50 enrollment by age, 8-9 children in each age strata (0-11 months, 12-23 months, 24-59 51 m...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

The seasonality of diarrheal pathogens: A retrospective study of seven sites over three years

Chao

Roose

Roh

et al. 2019

Preprint

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“…In the present study, we increased the cellular complexity by integrating macrophages to enteroid monolayers with the purpose of interrogating host-pathogen interactions and innate immune response. This was achieved by exposing a small intestinal monolayer-macrophage co-culture to EPEC and ETEC as representative human enteric pathogens4344. Macrophages were able to physically sense and interact with E. coli applied to the apical side of the epithelial cells (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A primary human macrophage-enteroid co-culture model to investigate mucosal gut physiology and host-pathogen interactions

Noël

Baetz

Staab

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

316

386

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Integration of the intestinal epithelium and the mucosal immune system is critical for gut homeostasis. The intestinal epithelium is a functional barrier that secludes luminal content, senses changes in the gut microenvironment, and releases immune regulators that signal underlying immune cells. However, interactions between epithelial and innate immune cells to maintain barrier integrity and prevent infection are complex and poorly understood. We developed and characterized a primary human macrophage-enteroid co-culture model for in-depth studies of epithelial and macrophage interactions. Human intestinal stem cell-derived enteroid monolayers co-cultured with human monocyte-derived macrophages were used to evaluate barrier function, cytokine secretion, and protein expression under basal conditions and following bacterial infection. Macrophages enhanced barrier function and maturity of enteroid monolayers as indicated by increased transepithelial electrical resistance and cell height. Communication between the epithelium and macrophages was demonstrated through morphological changes and cytokine production. Intraepithelial macrophage projections, efficient phagocytosis, and stabilized enteroid barrier function revealed a coordinated response to enterotoxigenic and enteropathogenic E. coli infections. In summary, we have established the first primary human macrophage-enteroid co-culture system, defined conditions that allow for a practical and reproducible culture model, and demonstrated its suitability to study gut physiology and host responses to enteric pathogens.

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“…It is possible that alkaline conditions override the need for high osmolarity but since we used buffered LBK media without NaCl in this study, further studies are needed to elucidate the difference between Na + and K + and its impact on ETEC virulence and secretion. In addition, since an acute infection would lead to a massive efflux of Na + and Cl − ions locally from the infected cell analyses on the effect of the infectious microenvironment on ETEC virulence would be very interesting to pursue [11]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…ETEC encounter different environments in the human gastrointestinal tract before reaching optimal conditions for infection in the small intestine and environmental cues, such as bile, oxygen and pH affect secretion of toxins and virulence of ETEC [7, 11, 12]. Passage through the stomach exposes infecting pathogens to acidic conditions, while entry into the duodenum is characterized by a rise of pH due to release of bile and bicarbonate [13, 14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proteomic analysis of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) in neutral and alkaline conditions

Gonzales-Silès

Karlsson²,

Kenny

et al. 2017

BMC Microbiol

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BackgroundEnterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a major cause of diarrhea in children and travelers to endemic areas. Secretion of the heat labile AB5 toxin (LT) is induced by alkaline conditions. In this study, we determined the surface proteome of ETEC exposed to alkaline conditions (pH 9) as compared to neutral conditions (pH 7) using a LPI Hexalane FlowCell combined with quantitative proteomics. Relative quantitation with isobaric labeling (TMT) was used to compare peptide abundance and their corresponding proteins in multiple samples at MS/MS level. For protein identification and quantification samples were analyzed using either a 1D-LCMS or a 2D-LCMS approach.ResultsStrong up-regulation of the ATP synthase operon encoding F1Fo ATP synthase and down-regulation of proton pumping proteins NuoF, NuoG, Ndh and WrbA were detected among proteins involved in regulating the proton and electron transport under alkaline conditions. Reduced expression of proteins involved in osmotic stress was found at alkaline conditions while the Sec-dependent transport over the inner membrane and outer membrane protein proteins such as OmpA and the β-Barrel Assembly Machinery (BAM) complex were up-regulated.ConclusionsETEC exposed to alkaline environments express a specific proteome profile characterized by up-regulation of membrane proteins and secretion of LT toxin. Alkaline microenvironments have been reported close to the intestinal epithelium and the alkaline proteome may hence represent a better view of ETEC during infection.

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The different ecological niches of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli

Cited by 65 publications

References 103 publications

The seasonality of diarrheal pathogens: A retrospective study of seven sites over three years

The seasonality of diarrheal pathogens: A retrospective study of seven sites over three years

A primary human macrophage-enteroid co-culture model to investigate mucosal gut physiology and host-pathogen interactions

Proteomic analysis of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) in neutral and alkaline conditions

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