The differential effects of high and low functioning counselors upon counselors-in-training

Abstract

following a "crisis" or an inability on the part of the client to explore herself are important.Counselor B, OR the other hand, was not manipulated by the client's level of process involvement. However, rather than continuing to function consistently across the interview, he tended to function at higher levels with the introduction of the experimental period. He seemed to invest more of himself in an attempt to relate the client's impersonal expressions to very deep and personal experiences, and actually commented a number of times that he felt that the client was "running away" from significant material during period 2. It is noteworthy that during period 3 counselor B functioned a t levels significantly higher than during period 1.The results suggest that although the level of counselor-offered conditions may be determined by the counselor, the client's level of intrapersonal exploration has differential effects upon counselor-offered conditions, effects which may cancel each other out when averaged. The need for replication with larger numbers of counselors and clients is obvious and necessary. SUMMARYTwo counselors, of identical training and experience, one functioning a t high levels of empathy, respect, genuineness and concreteness and the other functioning a t low levels, were seen by a client who, unknown to the counselors, had a response set to explore herself deeply during the first third of the interview, not a t all during the middle 20 minutes and then again during the last third of the session. Objective tape ratings indicated that the low level functioning counselor functioned at levels related to the client's depth of self-exploration. The higher level functioning counselor functioned a t higher levels following the introduction of the experimental period. -_ -_ andbtratton, 1964. 3. TRIJAX, C. B. and CARKHUFF, R . R. The experimental manipulation of therapeutic conditions.

Supervisory and Counseling Process: A Comparative Study

“…More recently researchers have begun to suggest the importance of these conditions in all interpersonal relations including parent-child, teacher-student, and supervisor-supervised ( CarkhufE 1969). Pierce, Carkhuff, and Berenson ( 1967), as well as Pierce and Schauble ( 1970), studied the extent to which the supervisor's level of functioning on the dimensions of empathy, regard, genuineness, and concreteness influenced the development of these conditions in their super-Michael ]. Lambed is Assistant Professor of P~chology, Brigham Young Uniuersity, P r m .…”

Research on Training Counselors and Clinicians

“…Another seven reports described in-service training programs for experienced counselors (Blocksma & Porter, 1947;Demos & Zuwayliff, 1963;Goodwin, Garvey, & Barclay, 1971;Hellervik, 1969;Lee, 1969;Perry, 1975;Selfridge et al, 1975). In 11 cases, "paraprofessional" counselors were trained (Authier & Gustafson, 1975;Brockhaus et al, 1973;Canada, 1973;Dendy, 1972;Dooley, 1975;Doyle et al, 1977;Elsenrath, Coker, & Martinson, 1972;Gluckstern, 1973;Grzegorek, 1971;Pierce, Carkhuff, & Berenson, 1967;Rioch, Elkas, Flint, Usdansky, Newman, & Silber, 1963;VanderKolk, 1973). Conclusions from these studies may be reliably generalized to other counselors and trainees at the same training or experience level (i.e., acceptable external validity vis a vis trainees).…”

“…Supervisees show a significantly greater preference for the former supervisory style (Balsam & Garber, 1970;Barnett, 1973;Rosenblatt & Mayer, 1975), and evidence significantly greater improvements in psychotherapy skills and knowledge with the former (versus the latter) supervisory approach (Austin & Alterkruse, 1972;Blane, 1968;Davidson & Emmer, 1966;Demos & Zuwayliff, 1963;Hansen & Barker, 1964;Pierce, Carkhuff, & Berenson, 1967;Pierce & Schauble, 1970). More facilitative supervisors may also counteract the aversive and reactive effects of grading in supervision (Kinney, 1970).…”

Changes In Values And In Interpersonal Functioning Of Counselor Candidates

“…There is an extensive body of research indicating that clients of counselors who offer high levels of facilitative conditions improve while those of counselors who offer low levels of these conditions deteriorate Truax & Carkhutt, 1967). The results of this research has been extended to training Carkhuff & Benson, 1967) with positive results being found in 100 hours with lay personnel and graduate students (Carkhuff & Truax, 1965) and in 20 to 50 hours with lay personnel as well as graduate and undergraduate students (Berenson, Carkhuff & Myrus, 1966;Pierce, Carkhuff & Berenson, 1967). In these and similar programs which integrate the didactic and experiential approaches to preparation in counseling, the levels of interpersonal functioning of the trainees tend to approach the levels of interpersonal functioning of the trainers .…”