“…Unwarranted response variations can also be triggered by country differences in contextual pressures, such as on what is socially desirable and what is not (Kreuter, Presser, & Tourangeau, ). The same question or measure may even hold different meanings in different countries, cultures (Välimaa & Nokkala, ) or, more subtly, items translated in different languages may convey different meanings (Brady, ). An extensive literature has explored comparability of survey items in cross‐cultural and cross‐national survey research (Holland & Wainer, ; Peng, Peterson, & Shyi, ; Strauss, ), and several types of equivalence have been identified, which can be grouped in two fundamental domains (Johnson, ).…”