The direct estimation of sound speed using pulse–echo ultrasound

Anderson, Martin E.; Trahey, Gregg E.

doi:10.1121/1.423889

Cited by 110 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 46 publications

(45 reference statements)

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“…Several correctors have been proposed to adjust the speed of sound in ultrasound imaging [50][51][52]. As a side note, because it is a constant speed method, the Stolt's f-k migration would be also limited in transcranial ultrasound imaging since the sound propagates much faster in the skull bone than in the brain.…”

Section: Pwi Using F-k Migration: Limitations and Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stolt's f-k migration for plane wave ultrasound imaging

Garcia¹,

Tarnec²,

Muth³

et al. 2013

IEEE Trans. Ultrason., Ferroelect., Freq. Contr.

220

165

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Ultrafast ultrasound is an emerging modality that offers new perspectives and opportunities in medical imaging. Plane wave imaging (PWI) allows one to attain very high frame rates by transmission of planar ultrasound wavefronts. As a plane wave reaches a given scatterer, the latter becomes a secondary source emitting upward spherical waves and creating a diffraction hyperbola in the received RF (radio-frequency) signals. To produce an image of the scatterers, all the hyperbolas must be migrated back to their apexes. In order to perform beamforming of plane wave echo RFs and return high-quality images at high frame rates, we propose a new migration method carried out in the frequency-wavenumber (f-k) domain.The f-k migration for PWI has been adapted from the Stolt migration for seismic imaging. This migration technique is based on the exploding reflector model (ERM), which consists in assuming that all the scatterers explode in concert and become acoustic sources. The classical ERM model, however, is not appropriate for PWI. We showed that the ERM can be made suitable for PWI by a spatial transformation of the hyperbolic traces present in the RF data. In vitro experiments were performed to sketch the advantages of PWI with Stolt's f-k migration over the conventional delayand-sum (DAS) approach. The Stolt's f-k migration was also compared with the Fourier-based method developed by J-Y Lu.Our findings show that multi-angle compounded f-k migrated images are of quality similar to those obtained with a state-of-the-art dynamic focusing mode. This remained true even with a very small number of steering angles thus ensuring a highly competitive frame rate. In addition, the new FFT-based f-k migration provides comparable or better contrast-to-noise ratio and lateral resolution than the Lu's and DAS migration schemes. Matlab codes of the Stolt's f-k migration for PWI are provided.

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Section: Pwi Using F-k Migration: Limitations and Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stolt's f-k migration for plane wave ultrasound imaging

Garcia¹,

Tarnec²,

Muth³

et al. 2013

IEEE Trans. Ultrason., Ferroelect., Freq. Contr.

220

165

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…18 In order to overcome the limitations of the transmission methods and the invasive nature of the reflection methods mentioned previously, and to avoid the complications presented by the deconvolution methods, other approaches have been presented to measure the wave speed. 14,19 In both of them, the method is based on the measurement of time-delay between scattered signals collected with the receive transducer positioned on different locations. Anderson and Trahey,19 for instance, used an array with 128 piezoelectric elements (apertureϭ28.2 mm), and measured the interelement time-delays of the echo signal from a target-wire immersed in a liquid, or of the signal scattered by a specklegenerating phantom.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrasonic wave speed measurement using the time-delay profile of rf-backscattered signals: Simulation and experimental results

Pereira

Machado

Pereira

2002

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

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Conventional methods determine the ultrasonic wave speed measuring the medium path length propagated by a pulsed wave and the corresponding time-of-flight. In this work, the wave speed is determined without the need of the path length. A transmit transducer sends a pulsed wave into the medium (wave speed constant along the beam axis) and the backscattered signal is collected by a hydrophone placed at two distinct positions near the transmitted beam. The time-delay profile, between gated windows of the two rf-signals received by the hydrophone, is determined using a cross-correlation method. Also, a theoretical time-delay profile is determined considering the wave speed as a parameter. The estimated wave speed is obtained upon minimization of the rms error between theoretical and experimental time-delay profiles. A PZT conically focused transmitting transducer with center frequency of 3.3 MHz, focal depth of 30 mm, and beam full width (-3 dB) of 2 mm at the focus was used together with a PZT hydrophone (0.8 mm of aperture). The method was applied to three phantoms (wave speed of 1220, 1540, and 1720 m/s) and, in vitro, to fresh bovine liver sample, immersed in a temperature-controlled water bath. The results present a relative speed error less than 3% when compared with the sound speed obtained by a conventional method.

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“…However, implementation with a conventional linear array system would allow B-mode identification of internal morphological features and expand the range of tissues that could be interrogated and analyzed in a fixed examination period. Array data may also allow for estimation of in vivo sound speed distributions, 20,21 so that literature-based assumptions need not be made. If measurement-based estimates of sound speeds were available, it may be possible to apply bias corrections to the attenuation estimates using the modeling approach described in Sec.…”

Section: Effects Of Sound Speed Uncertaintymentioning

confidence: 99%

In vivo ultrasonic attenuation in cetacean soft tissues

Gray

Rogers

2017

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

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In vivo ultrasonic attenuation was estimated for extracranial soft tissues of two Tursiops truncatus and one Delphinapterus leucas. Backscatter data was non-invasively collected as part of routine health-based ultrasound examinations using a transducer operating in the 1.6–3.7 MHz frequency range. Data collected over the proximal mandible and temporal regions was processed to yield attenuation estimates using a reference tissue phantom whose properties had been independently determined. The estimated attenuations were at the low end of the range of literature-reported values for mammalian fatty and connective tissues. A companion model-based analysis quantified errors arising from tissue composition and sound speed uncertainties.

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The direct estimation of sound speed using pulse–echo ultrasound

Cited by 110 publications

References 46 publications

Stolt's f-k migration for plane wave ultrasound imaging

Stolt's f-k migration for plane wave ultrasound imaging

Ultrasonic wave speed measurement using the time-delay profile of rf-backscattered signals: Simulation and experimental results

In vivo ultrasonic attenuation in cetacean soft tissues

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