The direct healthcare costs attributable to West Nile virus illness in Ontario, Canada: a population-based cohort study using laboratory and health administrative data

Shing, Emily; Wang, John; Nelder, Mark P.; Parpia, Camilla; Gubbay, Jonathan B.; Loeb, Mark; Kristjanson, Erik; Marchand-Austin, Alex; Moore, Stephen; Russell, Curtis; Sider, David; Sander, Beate

doi:10.1186/s12879-019-4596-9

Cited by 6 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…We tracked both case and control costs using the phase-of-care method [ 23 ], where costs were calculated over two different phases: (1) acute infection (30 days’ follow-up) and (2) continuing care (365 days’ follow-up). We selected 30 days to capture the majority of costs associated with an acute RSV infection, and our hospitalization data showed length of stays ranging from 0 to 22 days for 99% of cases.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating the Individual Healthcare Costs and Burden of Disease Associated with RSV Across Age Groups

et al. 2022

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Background Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of acute respiratory infection (ARI), with high morbidity and mortality worldwide. RSV costing and burden estimates can highlight the potential benefits of future vaccination programs and are essential for economic evaluations. Objective We aimed to determine RSV healthcare costs across age groups and the overall disease burden of medically attended RSV in Canada. Methods We conducted a retrospective case–control study to estimate the attributable healthcare costs per RSV case in Alberta. We used two case definitions to capture diversity in case severity: laboratory-confirmed RSV and ARI attributable to RSV. Matching occurred on five criteria: (1) age, (2) urban/rural status, (3) sex, (4) prematurity and (5) Charlson Comorbidity Index score. We calculated the age-specific burden of medically attended RSV in Canada from 2010 to 2019 by multiplying the weekly age-specific incidence of medically attended ARI with the RSV positivity rate. Results Costs per laboratory-confirmed RSV case were (in Canadian dollars [CAD], year 2020 values) $CAD12,713 and 40,028 in the first 30 and 365 days following diagnosis, respectively, whereas a case of ARI potentially attributable to RSV cost $CAD316 and 915, in 30 and 365 days, respectively. Older (aged ≥ 65 years) and younger (aged < 90 days) age groups had the highest case costs. The average medically attended RSV incidence rate across nine seasons was 1743 cases per 100,000 people per year. Conclusions RSV is a common and expensive infection at the extremes of life, and the development of immunization programs targeting older and younger ages may be important for the reduction of RSV burden and cost. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40273-022-01142-w.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating the Individual Healthcare Costs and Burden of Disease Associated with RSV Across Age Groups

et al. 2022

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“…development of WNND) and chronic disease prevalence in the WNV cohort, in addition to information on age and sex. WNND outcomes were identified by searching for any records with at least one physician billing code (modified ICD-9 code in OHIP) or International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, with Canadian Enhancements (ICD-10-CA) diagnostic code (in NACRS and/or DAD) indicating encephalitis, meningitis, acute flaccid paralysis, or a combination of these conditions within ±30 days of the WNV infection index date (previously estimated in the costing study as 14 days prior to the earliest recorded laboratory date – see [8]). All codes can be found in Supplementary Table S2.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A cohort of Ontario residents with laboratory confirmed or probable incident WNV infection was previously established for a WNV costing study [8]. In this cohort, incident WNV cases occurring between 1 January 2002 and 31 December 2012 were identified in Public Health Ontario Laboratory (PHOL) data by applying laboratory case definitions developed by Ontario's Ministry of Health [21].…”

Section: Data Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comorbid conditions as risk factors for West Nile neuroinvasive disease in Ontario, Canada: a population-based cohort study

et al. 2022

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West Nile neuroinvasive disease (WNND) is a severe neurological illness that can result from West Nile virus (WNV) infection, with long-term disability and death being common outcomes. Although WNV arrived in North America over two decades ago, risk factors for WNND are still being explored. The objective of this study was to identify WNND comorbid risk factors in the Ontario population using a retrospective, population-based cohort design. Incident WNV infections from laboratory records between 1 January 2002 – 31 December 2012 were individually-linked to health administrative databases to ascertain WNND outcomes and comorbid risk factors. WNND incidence was compared among individuals with and without comorbidities using risk ratios (RR) calculated with log binomial regression. Three hundred and forty-five individuals developed WNND (18.3%) out of 1884 WNV infections. West Nile encephalitis was driving most associations with comorbidities. Immunocompromised (aRR 2.61 [95% CI 1.23–4.53]) and male sex (aRR 1.32 [95% CI 1.00–1.76]) were risk factors for encephalitis, in addition to age, for which each 1-year increase was associated with a 2% (aRR 1.02 [95% CI 1.02–1.03]) relative increase in risk. Our results suggest that individuals living with comorbidities are at higher risk for WNND, in particular encephalitis, following WNV infection.

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“…The following pre-pandemic (Covid-19) analysis (2019) of the mean costs of caring for patients with WNv, provides some estimation of the nancial burden on the Canadian health system. For example, CDN$1,177 for acute infection treatment, $180 for continuing care costs, $11,614 for acute death costs, and $3,199 for late death costs (Shing et al, 2019). The mean costs change for patients who develops WNv neuro-invasive disease to $3,576, $507, $4,588, and $5,164 for acute infection, continuing care, acute death, and late death costs, respectively (Shing et al, 2019).…”

Section: Emerging Threats and Mitigation Scopesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring Planetary Health Perspectives of Mosquito-borne Infections in Canada: A Rapid Scoping Review

Hollett,

Chapman,

Sarkar

2024

Preprint

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Over the past couple of decades, mosquito-borne diseases have increased in Canada. ‘Planetary Health’ is a novel concept that encompasses the impacts of the triple planetary health crisis of climate change, nature and biodiversity loss, and pollution and waste. This study aimed to conduct a rapid scoping review on planetary health with regard to mosquitoes and mosquito-borne diseases in Canada, in order to understand the complex relations. This synthesis will identify knowledge gaps, emerging threats, mitigation scopes and it will inform future research scopes. An online query of EMBASE, PubMed, and Web of Science was performed and a total of 2,086 citations were retrieved. Finally, 62 articles were then reviewed and synthesized. Temperature and precipitation are playing significant roles in mosquito abundance, extension of temporal distribution and the spread from historical distributions of invasive species to newer geographic locations. In fact, the temperature has been rising so high that some species are now predominantly producing eggs without having taken a blood meal (autogeny). Warmer temperatures increased vector viral loads by several folds, thereby, climate change is effectively making infection rates higher and extending the transmission season. Destruction of the natural environment due to anthropogenic activities depopulates native predators resulting in the flourishing of mosquito populations. Pesticides used to control mosquitoes often failed to gain desired results due to operational and technological limitations and unintended ecological consequences. Planetary Health perspective can provide comprehensive analysis of mosquitoes’ presence and abundance, establishment and expansion of invasive mosquito species and disease carrying capacity for both the native and invasive species. Thus, Canada is at risk of outbreak of several exotic mosquito-borne infections. For public health measures and research, planetary health perspectives are required to better understand the complex and multifaceted connections between infections, ecosystem, climate change and anthropogenic activities.

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The direct healthcare costs attributable to West Nile virus illness in Ontario, Canada: a population-based cohort study using laboratory and health administrative data

Cited by 6 publications

References 26 publications

Evaluating the Individual Healthcare Costs and Burden of Disease Associated with RSV Across Age Groups

Evaluating the Individual Healthcare Costs and Burden of Disease Associated with RSV Across Age Groups

Comorbid conditions as risk factors for West Nile neuroinvasive disease in Ontario, Canada: a population-based cohort study

Exploring Planetary Health Perspectives of Mosquito-borne Infections in Canada: A Rapid Scoping Review

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