The discovery of microorganisms by Robert Hooke and Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Fellows of The Royal Society

Gest, Howard

doi:10.1098/rsnr.2004.0055

Cited by 248 publications

(131 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…and, to a lesser extent, in shapẽ Young, 2006!. This information may be ecologically highly relevant, e.g., with respect to their growth potential and predation vulnerability~Chrzanowski & Simek, 1990; In fact, strikingly different conclusions may be reached about the relative importance of particular populations within microbial assemblages if analyzed in terms of biomass rather than abundances~Pernthaler et al., 2004;Posch et al, 2009!. In addition to the determination of biovolumes of entire communities, it has also become more important to accurately measure the volume of individual microbes to study their ecophysiology. Nanoscale secondary-ion mass spectroscopy~nanoSIMS!…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Algorithm for the Determination of Bacterial Cell Volumes That is Unbiased by Cell Morphology

Zeder

Kohler

Zeder³

et al. 2011

Microsc Microanal

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Abstract:The determination of cell volumes and biomass offers a means of comparing the standing stocks of auto-and heterotrophic microbes of vastly different sizes for applications including the assessment of the flux of organic carbon within aquatic ecosystems. Conclusions about the importance of particular genotypes within microbial communities~e.g., of filamentous bacteria! may strongly depend on whether their contribution to total abundance or to biomass is regarded. Fluorescence microscopy and image analysis are suitable tools for determining bacterial biomass that moreover hold the potential to replace labor-intensive manual measurements by fully automated approaches. However, the current approaches to calculate bacterial cell volumes from digital images are intrinsically biased by the models that are used to approximate the morphology of the cells. Therefore, we developed a generic contour based algorithm to reconstruct the volumes of prokaryotic cells from two-dimensional representations~i.e., microscopic images! irrespective of their shape. Geometric models of commonly encountered bacterial morphotypes were used to verify the algorithm and to compare its performance with previously described approaches. The algorithm is embedded in a freely available computer program that is able to process both raw~8-bit grayscale! and thresholded~binary! images in a fully automated manner.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Algorithm for the Determination of Bacterial Cell Volumes That is Unbiased by Cell Morphology

Zeder

Kohler

Zeder³

et al. 2011

Microsc Microanal

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“…The first identification of a microorganism was completed using a light microscope in 1665 by Hooke and Leeuwenhoek (as described by Gest [20]). Since then, microbial community assessment methods have been steadily developed, albeit more slowly until the 1970s.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbial Community Assessment in Wetlands for Water Pollution Control: Past, Present, and Future Outlook

Weber

2016

Water

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Abstract:The field of treatment wetlands (TWs) is rapidly expanding and, arguably, is tasked with studying and understanding one of the most complex water treatment systems available. Microbial communities are generally considered to be responsible for the majority of wastewater constituent degradation in TWs. However, they are also known to be spatially heterogeneous, temporally dynamic, as well as structurally and functionally diverse. Presented here is a meta-analysis of all peer reviewed TW journal articles which utilized a microbial community assessment methodology over the period of 1988 to July 2016. A total of 1101 papers were reviewed, 512 from 1988 to 2012, 215 of which included a microbial community assessment aspect and were subsequently classified as representing past research, and 589 from 2013 to July 2016, 196 of which were classified as representing current TW microbial community research. In general, TW microbial community research has increased over time, with a marked surge in the past four years. Microbial community structure is currently the most commonly used methodological type followed by activity, enumeration and function, respectively. Areas of research focus included nitrogen transformations (156), organic degradation (33), and emerging contaminants (32), with general characterization studies also accounting for a significant proportion (243). Microbial communities from a range of TW systems have been investigated over the last four years with meso-scale (10-1000 L) being the most commonly studied system size followed by large-scale (>100,000 L), micro-scale (<10 L), and pilot-scale (1000-100,000 L). Free water surface flow (SF), horizontal subsurface flow (HF), and vertical flow (VF) systems are being studied in approximately equal proportions with the majority of studies focused on gaining fixed media/biofilm samples for analysis (rather than from the rhizosphere or interstitial water). Looking at efforts from a regional perspective shows Asia to be publishing the majority of research with a main focus on VF systems and structural community assessment. European and North American studies are generally more evenly distributed among structure, function, activity, and enumeration with the majority of studies completed on HF systems. South America, Africa, and Oceania published fewer studies but focused on structural community assessment with a selection of HF, SF and VF investigations. Great strides are being made in the field of microbial community assessment in TWs with functional assessment methods being developed, better utilized, and being related directly to water treatment. The use of high-powered metagenomics sequencing such as Illumina HiSeq instrumentation is on the rise, as is the development and utilization of functional assays such as DNA microarrays and community level physiological profiling allowing for more complete community assessment. Used in concert with activity, enumeration and newly implemented stable isotope methodologies, the field of TWs is certainly moving a...

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“…Hooke was endowed with polymathic talents, including that of a surveyor and cartographer, engineer, horologist, theoretician and inventor, most notably of telescopes and a microscope [2]. In his 1976 commentary, B. R. Singer [3] remarks that Hooke's inventions are too numerous to describe, but singles out three lectures Hooke presented to the Society regarding the perception of time, the formation of memory and the phenomenon of forgetting.…”

Section: Robert Hooke: the First Empirical Evolutionistmentioning

confidence: 99%

Introduction to ‘Origin and evolution of the nervous system’

Strausfeld

Hirth

2015

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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In 1665, Robert Hooke demonstrated in Micrographia the power of the microscope and comparative observations, one of which revealed similarities between the arthropod and vertebrate eyes. Utilizing comparative observations, Saint-Hilaire in 1822 was the first to propose that the ventral nervous system of arthropods corresponds to the dorsal nervous system of vertebrates. Since then, studies on the origin and evolution of the nervous system have become inseparable from studies about Metazoan origins and the origins of organ systems. The advent of genome sequence data and, in turn, phylogenomics and phylogenetics have refined cladistics and expanded our understanding of Metazoan phylogeny. However, the origin and evolution of the nervous system is still obscure and many questions and problems remain. A recurrent problem is whether and to what extent sequence data provide reliable guidance for comparisons across phyla. Are genetic data congruent with the geological fossil records? How can we reconcile evolved character loss with phylogenomic records? And how informative are genetic data in relation to the specification of nervous system morphologies? These provide some of the background and context for a Royal Society meeting to discuss new data and concepts that might achieve insights into the origin and evolution of brains and nervous systems.

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The discovery of microorganisms by Robert Hooke and Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Fellows of The Royal Society

Cited by 248 publications

References 5 publications

A Novel Algorithm for the Determination of Bacterial Cell Volumes That is Unbiased by Cell Morphology

A Novel Algorithm for the Determination of Bacterial Cell Volumes That is Unbiased by Cell Morphology

Microbial Community Assessment in Wetlands for Water Pollution Control: Past, Present, and Future Outlook

Introduction to ‘Origin and evolution of the nervous system’

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