The Discrete Hamiltonian–Hopf Bifurcation for 4D Symplectic Maps

Geometry of complex instability and escape in four-dimensional symplectic maps

“…Moreover, it was found that commonly an extended region around a complex unstable fixed point emerges to which the dynamics is confined for rather long times [11,[36][37][38]. Important approaches to understand the complex unstable dynamics are based on computations of the invariant manifolds [36,38,39] and normal form descriptions [15,40,41]. Hamiltonian-Hopf bifurcations have also been studied in much detail for reversible maps, see e.g.…”