The disinfection efficacy of chlorine and chlorine dioxide as disinfectants of <i>Bacillus globigii</i>, a surrogate for <i>Bacillus anthracis</i>, in water networks: A comparative study

Hosni, Ahmed A.; Shane, William T.; Szabo, Jeffrey G.; Bishop, Paul L.

doi:10.1680/jees.2013.0018

Cited by 11 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…While extensive biofilm growth has been observed in cooling towers, the efficacy of different biocide application regimens on biofilm communities in cooling towers is not known. In addition, persistent survival of even a small number of organisms in biofilms can serve as a source of rapid recolonization of the system following any interruption of biocide treatment (Hosni et al 2009), but the extent and rate of bacterial re-growth from these communities following treatment also is not known.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disinfection of bacterial biofilms in pilot-scale cooling tower systems

et al. 2011

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The impact of continuous chlorination and periodic glutaraldehyde treatment on planktonic and biofilm microbial communities was evaluated in pilot-scale cooling towers operated continuously for 3 months. The system was operated at a flow rate of 10,080 l day−1. Experiments were performed with a well-defined microbial consortium containing three heterotrophic bacteria: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Flavobacterium sp. The persistence of each species was monitored in the recirculating cooling water loop and in biofilms on steel and PVC coupons in the cooling tower basin. The observed bacterial colonization in cooling towers did not follow trends in growth rates observed under batch conditions and, instead, reflected differences in the ability of each organism to remain attached and form biofilms under the high-through flow conditions in cooling towers. Flavobacterium was the dominant organism in the community, while P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae did not attach well to either PVC or steel coupons in cooling towers and were not able to persist in biofilms. As a result, the much greater ability of Flavobacterium to adhere to surfaces protected it from disinfection, whereas P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae were subject to rapid disinfection in the planktonic state.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disinfection of bacterial biofilms in pilot-scale cooling tower systems

et al. 2011

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“…Morrow et al (2008) also demonstrated monochloramine to be more effective at disinfecting B. anthracis Sterne and B. thuringiensis spores in a biofilm than chlorine, corroborating previous reports that monochloramine is more stable and is less reactive toward the biofilm matrix (LeChevallier et al 1990; Griebe et al 1994). Hosni et al (2009), using the same experimental method as Szabo et al (2007), found that ClO 2 was able to penetrate the biofilm matrix much better than chlorine and inactivate 4 log 10 CFU of biofilm associated BG spores with 25 mg L −1 within 8 days.…”

Section: Biofilms and Amoebamentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Hosni et al (2009) conducted ClO 2 susceptibility testing of B. globigii at a slightly lower temperature (20 °C, pH 8), and reported a 2 log 10 Ct of 76, comparable to B. anthracis spores (57 and 73 for B. anthracis Stern and Ames, respectively, Table 1). Side-by-side comparisons of the surrogate spores and B. anthracis spores should be conducted before selecting an appropriate surrogate spore for ClO 2 disinfection.…”

Section: Use Of Surrogatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inactivation of bacterial biothreat agents in water, a review

Rose

Rice

2014

Journal of Water and Health

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Water supplies and water distribution systems have been identified as potential targets for contamination by bacterial biothreat agents. Since the 2001 Bacillus anthracis bioterrorist attacks, additional efforts have been aimed at research to characterize biothreat organisms in regards to their susceptibility to disinfectants and technologies currently in use for potable water. Here, we present a review of research relevant to disinfection of bacteria with the potential to pose a severe threat to public health and safety, and their potential surrogates. The efficacy of chlorine, monochloramine, chlorine dioxide, and ultraviolet light to inactivate each organism in suspension is described. The complexities of disinfection under varying water conditions and when the organisms are associated with biofilms in distribution systems are discussed.

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“…Most disinfection approaches have been evaluated using B. anthracis surrogates, such as Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus globigii and Bacillus cereus. [7][8][9][10] Recommendations by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) include mainly chemical disinfectants, among which are sodium hypochlorite and liquid chlorine dioxide. 6 According to previous studies, viable spore counts may be reduced more than two logs within 2 h when using chlorine dioxide, while free chlorine achieves minimal spore inactivation (2 log reduction after 7 h at 1 mg L −1 free chlorine) and even higher concentrations are required when spores are embedded in biofilms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…6 According to previous studies, viable spore counts may be reduced more than two logs within 2 h when using chlorine dioxide, while free chlorine achieves minimal spore inactivation (2 log reduction after 7 h at 1 mg L −1 free chlorine) and even higher concentrations are required when spores are embedded in biofilms. 5,7 Although these chemicals have exhibited certain efficacy against the Bacillus spores, considerable health hazards and destructive properties are associated with them. 10 Therefore, there is a quest for alternative disinfection methods, especially when human contact occurs or sensitive equipment and materials are present.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inactivation of Bacillus anthracis in water by photocatalytic, photolytic and sonochemical treatment

Venieri

Markogiannaki

Chatzisymeon

et al. 2013

Photochem Photobiol Sci

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Bacillus anthracis is one of the most dangerous and pathogenic bacterial species and its intrusion in aquatic environments is a serious threat to public health. The aim of the present study was to investigate inactivation rates of B. anthracis in water by means of photocatalytic (UVA/TiO2), photolytic (UVC) and sonochemical treatment. The effect of various operating conditions such as bacterial concentration, TiO2 loading, UV irradiation source, ultrasound power and treatment time was examined. The reference strain of B. anthracis proved to be highly resistant during photocatalytic and sonochemical treatment of aquatic samples, even in the presence of hydrogen peroxide solution, which is considered among the chemical disinfectants recommended for B. anthracis removal from aqueous suspensions. UVC irradiation was far more effective, as it achieved total inactivation in short treatment time (10 min) and at high initial concentrations (10(6) CFU mL(-1)). The effectiveness of UVC irradiation is also reinforced by the fact that no photoreactivation occurred even after 72 h of exposure under sunlight after the end of the treatment. Furthermore, the virulence of residual cells was investigated, targeting two genes carried in the plasmids pXO1 and pXO2, respectively, which are required for a fully virulent type. Interestingly, the plasmid pXO2 seems to be lost from the host after photocatalytic and photolytic disinfection, resulting in apathogenic residual strains contained in the treated sample. Overall, our results highlight the importance of B. anthracis efficient inactivation in water, as it shows considerable resistance towards effective and reliable disinfection techniques.

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The disinfection efficacy of chlorine and chlorine dioxide as disinfectants of Bacillus globigii, a surrogate for Bacillus anthracis, in water networks: A comparative study

Cited by 11 publications

References 16 publications

Disinfection of bacterial biofilms in pilot-scale cooling tower systems

Disinfection of bacterial biofilms in pilot-scale cooling tower systems

Inactivation of bacterial biothreat agents in water, a review

Inactivation of Bacillus anthracis in water by photocatalytic, photolytic and sonochemical treatment

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