The disproportionation of toluene over a HY/β-AlF3/Cu catalyst1. Preparation and characterization

Aneke, L. E.; Gerritsen, L.A.; Vandenberg, P; DeJong, Wm.

doi:10.1016/s0021-9517(79)80041-x

Cited by 36 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…The disproportionation of toluene to benzene and xylene is known to be catalysed by acidic catalysts such as HZSM-5 and HY/b-AlF3/Cu [26,27]. Various types of zeolites, such as mordenite, USY, Beta, MCM-22 and ZSM-5 catalysts show good catalytic activity and stability in ethylbenzene disproportionation/alkylation using different types of reactor and reaction conditions.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alkylation of benzene with ethanol over modified HZSM-5 zeolite catalysts

Emana

Chand

2015

Appl Petrochem Res

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Alkylation of benzene with ethanol was analysed using unmodified as well as modified shape selective HZSM-5 (Si/Al = 31) zeolite catalysts. The reaction was carried out in a continuous fixed bed flow reactor in the temperature range of 300-500°C at atmospheric pressure to investigate the activity of various catalysts for the selectivity and yield of ethylbenzene (the desired product). The alkylation of benzene with ethanol (2:1 by volume) produces ethyl benzene as primary product and others like diethylbenzene, triethylbenzene and xylene mixtures as secondary products. The modification of HZSM-5 was done by impregnation using boron and magnesium. The modification caused changes in the surface area, acidity and pore volume of zeolite sample. The physiochemical properties of catalysts were characterised by XRD, TEM, BET, TGA, FTIR, NH 3 -TPD and SEM. The feed and products were analysed by gas chromatography. The conversion of benzene was found to be better in bi metallic (B and Mg) modified HZSM-5 followed by unmodified HZSM-5. The modified catalysts gave better selectivity (72.8 %) and yield (38.1 %) of ethylbenzene.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alkylation of benzene with ethanol over modified HZSM-5 zeolite catalysts

Emana

Chand

2015

Appl Petrochem Res

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“…Dooley et al reported a second-order rate LangmuirHinshelwood kinetics with toluene inhibition over Ni/Y zeolite [3]. On contrast, Aneke et al reported a first-order kinetics with toluene inhibition over Cu/AlF 3 /Y zeolites [6]. Bhaskar and Do observed a first-order dependence on the toluene partial pressure over H-ZSM-5 [7].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Reaction kinetics study has shown to be a crucial research subject for process development, which provides valuable data for reactor design, process optimization, and cycle length prediction. Various kinetic models were proposed for toluene disproportionation (TDP) over several zeolites [2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. Most of the published reports studied mainly on the initial kinetics at low conversion levels and in short onstream time (TOS) with very low coke formation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinetics of toluene disproportionation over fresh and coked H-mordenite

et al. 2004

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“…The disproportionation of toluene has been studied extensively but only ring substitutions of the methyl group have previously been reported (Uguina et al, 1991;Aneke et al, 1979;Schriesheim, 1961). A recent study of the alkylation of toluene by methanol on alumina-pillared montmorillonite revealed the formation of xylenes and trimethylbenzenes but no side-chain products (Horio et aL, 1991).…”

Section: Gc/msmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polymerization and Transalkylation Reactions of Toluene on Cu(II)-Montmorillonite

Tipton¹,

Gerdom

1992

Clays and clay miner.

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Abstract--Products resulting from the reaction of toluene with Cu(II)-montmorillonite were analyzed using GC/MS, HPLC/MS, GPC, and FTIR methods. Numerous oligomers of toluene were observed, extending at least as high as the resolution limit (1500 g/tool) of the GPC column. The FTIR spectrum of the nonvolatile components of the extract was very similar to that of liquid toluene. GC/MS data on the volatile components revealed dimers, trimers, and a multitude of transmethylated products. Oligomerization proceeded via both ring-ring (i.e., polyphenyl) and ring-methyl linkages. The primary transmethylated products were tert-butylbenzene and isopropylxylene, indicating a competition between ringand side-chain methylations. The side-chain substitutions cannot be explained in terms of the aromatic radical cation intermediate which typically forms in arene/clay reactions. A consideration of alkylbenzene reactions observed in various other media suggests that the present transmethylation reactions occur via a benzyl cation intermediate.

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The disproportionation of toluene over a HY/β-AlF3/Cu catalyst1. Preparation and characterization

Cited by 36 publications

References 10 publications

Alkylation of benzene with ethanol over modified HZSM-5 zeolite catalysts

Alkylation of benzene with ethanol over modified HZSM-5 zeolite catalysts

Kinetics of toluene disproportionation over fresh and coked H-mordenite

Polymerization and Transalkylation Reactions of Toluene on Cu(II)-Montmorillonite

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