The dissemination of pelvic limb nerves originating from the lumbosacral plexus in the porcupine (Hystrix cristata)

Abstract

ABSTRACT:In this study the nerves originating from the plexus lumbosacrales of porcupines (Hystrix cristata) were investigated. Four porcupines (two males and two females) were used. The plexus lumbosacrales of animals were appropriately dissected and dissemination of pelvic limb nerves originating from the plexus lumbosacrales was examined. The nerves originated from the plexus lumbosacrales of porcupines (Hystrix cristata): iliohypogastric nerve from T15, ilioinguinal nerve (on the left side of only one animal) genitofemoral and lateral femoral cutaneous nerves from T15 and L1, the femoral and obturator nerves from T15, L1, L2 and L3 . The femoral nerve divided into two as the common dorsal digital nerve I and II after it branched into motor and skin nerves. The cranial gluteal nerve originated from L3 and L4 in males and from only L3 in females. The caudal gluteal nerve and the caudal femoral cutaneous and sciatic nerves originated from the common root which was formed by the union of L3, L4 and S1 in one animal, and by the union of L3, L4, S1 and S2 in the three other animals. The sciatic nerve divided into the tibial and fibular nerve. The fibular nerve divided into two as the common dorsal digital nerve III and IV, and extended after branching in one direction to extensor muscles. The tibial nerve divided into the common palmares digital nerve I, II, III and IV, and extended after branching into the cutaneous surae caudales nerve and rami muscle distales. The cutaneous surae caudales nerve divided into the common palmar and dorsal digital nerve V. The pudendal and caudal rectal nerves originated from S2 in three animals and from S1 in the remaining animal. In the point of origin from the branches of spinal nerves originating from the plexus lumbosacrales, and also in the absence of the ilioinguinal nerve (on left side abroad of only one animal), originating from T15 and L1 of the genitofemoral and lateral femoral cutaneous nerves, from T15 of the iliohypogastric nerve, the studied porcupines differed from rodentia and other mammals

Origin and Antimeric Distribution of the Femoral Nerves in New Zealand Rabbits

“…Lizardo et al (2009) studied the origin and distribution of the femoral nerve in fetuses of crossbreed zebu cattle and found that the right and left femoral nerves originated from the ventral branches of L4, L5 and L6 in 14 animals (46.7%), from L4 and L5 in 13 cases (43.3%) and L5 and L6 in three cases (10%), similar to that observed in this study in rabbits and to the results obtained by Silva et al in crossbreed sheep concerning the ventral branches, but different in percentage frequencies. Aydin (2009) observed that in the porcupine (Hystrix cristata), the femoral nerve originated mainly from the ventral branches L2 and L3, with contributions from T15 and L1, different from that observed in the present investigation. Cardoso et al (2013) studied the composition of the lumbosacral plexus of the collared anteater (Tamandua tetradactyla) and observed the contribution of lumbar branches (L1-L3) in all studied specimens, and also the participation of T18 in 75% of them in the formation of the femoral nerve.…”

Estudo anatômico do plexo lombossacral de Tamandua tetradactyla

“…No que se refere ao limite cranial do plexo lombossacral, alguns autores incluem os primeiros nervos lombares como integrantes do mesmo, ou seja, os nervos ílio-hipogástrico (cranial e caudal, quando presentes) e ilioinguinal e genitofemoral (Getty, 1986;Aydin, 2009;Castro et al, 2009). Todavia, essa abordagem extrapola o conceito de que somente os nervos lombares caudais estabelecem comunicações para configurar um plexo nervoso, uma vez que os primeiros nervos lombares são formados por ramos solitários (König e Leibich, 2002;Dyce et al, 2010 O plexo lombar recebeu contribuição de T18-L3 em três casos e L1 a S1 em um caso.…”

“…1, 2 e 3) derivou de T18 em dois casos (50%), de T18 e L1 em um caso (25%) e L1 e L2 também em um caso (25%). A participação de nervos torácicos na formação dos nervos do plexo lombar, como observado em 75% dos exemplares deste estudo e em porcos-espinhos (Aydin, 2009), é incomum. Essa diferença se deve provavelmente à menor quantidade de vértebras lombares nessas espécies, sendo três no T. tetradactyla e quatro no Hystrix cristata.…”

“…1, 2 e 3) do T. tetradactyla foi formado por T18-L1 em três casos (75%) e L1-L2 em um caso (25%). Ele é formado por L3-L4(L5) nos animais domésticos (Getty, 1986;Schaller, 1999), T15-L1 no porcoespinho (Aydin, 2009), L3 no lobo-marinho (Castro et al, 2009) e L4 em chinchilas (Martinez-Pereira e Rickes, 2011).…”

The spinal nerves that constitute the brachial plexus in the red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris)

“…Several studies have investigated the spinal origins of the brachial and lumbosacral plexus which give off nerve branches dispersing to the fore and hind limbs. These include reports on the brachial plexus in dogs (Miller et al, 1964), cats (Getty, 1975), wervet monkeys (Booth, 1991), Chacma baboons (Booth et al, 1997), rabbits (Aslan, 1994;Yilmaz et al, 1995), rats (Green,1968;Chiasson, 1980) and porcupines (Aydin, 2003(Aydin, , 2004; and on the lumbosacral plexus in dogs (Miller et al, 1964;Getty, 1975), rabbits (Barone et al, 1973;McLaughlin and Chiasson, 1987), rats (Green, 1968;Chiasson, 1980;Asato et al, 2000) and porcupines (Aydin, 2009;Aydin et al, 2009). In squirrels, the presence and localization of calbindin-D28k in the kidney and cerebellum (Aydin et al, 2005), the morphology of circulus arteriosus cerebri (Aydin, 2008), the spinal nerves that constitute the plexus lumbosacrales (Aydin, 2010), as well as the arteries originating from the aortic arch (Aydin, 2011), have been studied.…”