The distribution of clay minerals in the World Ocean

Griffin, John J.; Windom, Herbert L.; Goldberg, Edward D.

doi:10.1016/0011-7471(68)90051-x

Cited by 338 publications

(293 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…6E). Global clay mineral distribution maps (Griffin et al 1968;Windom 1976) indicate higher illite, lower smectite, and partly lower chlorite contents for the appropriate area than our data show.…”

Section: Clay Mineralogymentioning

confidence: 41%

Terrigenous sediment supply along the Chilean continental margin: modern regional patterns of texture and composition

Lamy

Hebbeln

Wefer

1998

Geologische Rundschau

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The regional patterns of texture and composition of modern continental slope and pelagic sediments off Chile between 25°S and 43°S reflect the latitudinal segmentation of geological, morphological, and climatic features of the continental hinterland. Grain-size characteristics are controlled by the grain-size of source rocks, the weathering regime, and mode of sediment input (eolian off northern Chile vs fluvial further south). Bulk-mineral assemblages reveal a low grade of maturity. Regional variations are governed by the source-rock composition of the different geological terranes and the relative source-rock contribution of the Coastal Range and Andes, as controlled by the continental hydrology. The relative abundance of clay minerals is also predominantly influenced by the source-rock composition and partly by continental smectite neoformation. Latitudinal variations of illite crystallinities along the Chilean continental slope (and west of the Peru--Chile trench) clearly reflect modifications of the weathering regime which correspond to the strong climatic zonation of Chile.

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Section: Clay Mineralogymentioning

confidence: 41%

Terrigenous sediment supply along the Chilean continental margin: modern regional patterns of texture and composition

Lamy

Hebbeln

Wefer

1998

Geologische Rundschau

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“…It has been reported that the loess content in the surface sediment in the western North Pacific is higher than that in the southern area, and there are few sources for supplying basalts such as KK Islands in the western North Pacific especially in the area south of Stn. KNOT (e.g., Griffin et al, 1968). Furthermore, a significant signal of northward advection of Antarctic Bottom Water was detected in the deep part of Stn.…”

Section: Transport Processes Of Aluminosilicates In the Western Northmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…As major mechanisms (1) horizontal transport by the surface current (i.e., Oyashio) from high-latitude regions (Griffin et al, 1968), (2) glacial transport of volcanic materials (Bailey, 1993), (3) atmospheric input from the Asian continent (Iwasaka et al, 1983;Tsunogai et al, 1985), (4) transport from the East China Sea (Narita et al, 1990;Yamada and Aono, 2003), (5) suspended load from rivers to estuaries (Milliman and Meade, 1983) and (6) re-suspension of sediments on the continental slope (Nakatsuka et al, 1997;Itou et al, 2000;Otosaka and Noriki, 2000) have been pointed out. Terrigenous materials have been concluded to have mainly originated from island arcs such as the Kurile Islands for (1) and (2), from arid areas of central Asia for (3) and (4), and coastal areas of the Japan Islands and the Kurile Islands for (5) and (6).…”

Section: Temporal and Vertical Change Of Elemental Composition In Setmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the North Pacific, source materials of the terrigenous component in sediment have been presumed by comparing sediment with the crust in surrounding regions based on the mineralogy (Griffin et al, 1968; lithogenic materials supplied to the surface of the ocean (Honjo, 1982;Ittekkot et al, 1991;Biscaye and Anderson, 1994;Otosaka and Noriki, 2000), as well as biogenic materials such as opal and carbonate (Noriki and Tsunogai, 1986;Honjo and Manganini, 1993) and pollutants (Fowler et al, 1983;Knap et al, 1986). Because settling particles contain morphological and chemical signals of material sources and subsequent transformation processes, time-series observations by sediment trap is a useful tool to elucidate transport processes of materials in the water column.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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La/Yb and Th/Sc in settling particles: Vertical and horizontal transport of lithogenic material in the western North Pacific

2004

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In order to understand the origins and transport processes of lithogenic aluminosilicate in the western North Pacific, time-series sediment traps were deployed at Stn. KNOT at 44∞N 155∞E (water depth: 5320 m). Annual mean content of aluminum (Al) which is a proxy of lithogenic material in settling particles was 0.38% at 1 km depth, 0.78% at 3 km depth and 1.14% at 5 km depth, respectively. Mass fluxes were corrected by 230 Th and 231 Pa activities in particles and seawater. Annual mean corrected Al fluxes at 1, 3 and 5 km depths were calculated to 0.45, 0.46 and 0.33 g/m 2 /year, respectively. Lanthanum/ytterbium (La/Yb) and thorium/scandium (Th/Sc) ratios were used as proxies for estimating the origin of lithogenic aluminosilicate in settling particles. Both La/Yb and Th/Sc ratios in settling particles increased with depth, and the seasonal variation was the smallest at 5 km depth. It was considered that variations of La/Yb and Th/Sc ratios in settling particles reflected the change of source material of lithogenic aluminosilicates. Origins of lithogenic materials in the settling particles were summarized using two end-members, loess from central Asian continent (AL) and basalts from the Kurile-Kamchatka Islands (KK). Contributions of end-members in settling particles were estimated from the La/Yb and Th/Sc ratios. The contribution of KK particles in lithogenic materials was calculated to be 84% at 1 km depth, and 61% at 3 and 5 km depths, respectively. Although the KK material was the dominant constituent of the terrigenous component in settling particles at Stn. KNOT, the KK flux decreased with depth. On the other hand, the AL flux increased with depth and the significant increase of the AL flux was presumably due to the lateral import of AL particles to the deep layer at Stn. KNOT. From these results we conclude that the distribution of lithogenic materials recorded in sediments in the western North Pacific are influenced by the northward transport of AL within the deep layer.

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“…The above-mentioned mineral species are known to occur commonly in clay sediments of the oceans, though the chemical compositions of the minerals are still controversial (e.g., BISCAYE, 1965;GORBUNOVA, 1966;BERRY and JOHNS, 1966;OINUMA and KOBAYASHI, 1966;SIDDIQUIE, 1967;GRIFFIN et al, 1968). Comparatively rapid attainment of equilibrium in cation exchange reactions between seawater and some of these minerals at room temperature has been suggested by laboratory works (e.g., POWERS, 1959;CARROLL and STARKEY, 1960;POTTS (see KELLER, 1963); NELSON, 1963).…”

Section: Seawater-rock Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Significance of cyclic seawater as a possible determinant of rock alteration facies in the earth's crust

Kajiwara¹

1973

Geochem. J.

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Abstract-Based on the thermochemical data for hydrolysis of a variety of rock-forming minerals (HELGESON, 1969), possible reactions between rocks and seawater at elevated temperatures have been examined. The result reveals that most of natural rock altera tion facies can well be explained by the interaction of rocks with seawater at ordinary hydrothermal temperatures. This is consistent with the hypothesis that the hydrothermal ore-forming solution responsible for the Kuroko type mineralization in Japan might have been derived essentially from the coeval seawater (KAJIWARA, 1973a and1973b). Itis suggested that such cyclic seawater would also be essential to the regional metamorphic processes in the earth's crust. Available hydrogen isotope data for hydrated silicate minerals from some igneous and metamorphic rocks may also be interpreted with this view.

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The distribution of clay minerals in the World Ocean

Cited by 338 publications

References 29 publications

Terrigenous sediment supply along the Chilean continental margin: modern regional patterns of texture and composition

Terrigenous sediment supply along the Chilean continental margin: modern regional patterns of texture and composition

La/Yb and Th/Sc in settling particles: Vertical and horizontal transport of lithogenic material in the western North Pacific

Significance of cyclic seawater as a possible determinant of rock alteration facies in the earth's crust

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