The Distribution of Group D Streptococci in Cattle and Sheep

Medrek, T. F.; Barnes, Ella M.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.1962.tb01132.x

Cited by 27 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…About half (53%) of the faecal streptococci found in cattle faeces were identified as S. bovis (Fig. 5), which is similar to the proportions given by Medrek & Barnes (1962), Geldreich & Kenner (1969), Wheater et al (1979), and Pourcher et al (1991). Enterococci, mainly E. durans (34%), dominated in sheep faeces.…”

Section: Animal Faecessupporting

confidence: 81%

Characterisation of faecal streptococci from some New Zealand effluents and receiving waters

Sinton

Donnison²

1994

New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research

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Different proportions of component species of faecal streptococci were found in New Zealand sewage, animal processing effluents, and animal faeces. Enterococcus faecium was the major species in raw sewage (43-65%), followed by E.faecalis (19-40%) or E. durans (14-23%). Meat processing effluent usually had a higher proportion of f. durans (37-73%) than sewage. Enterococci, mainly E. durans (34%), dominated in sheep faeces, but Streptococcus bovis comprised 53% of the faecal streptococci in cattle faeces. In sewagecontaminated groundwater, a survival pattern of E. faecalis > E. faecium > E. durans > S. equinus > S. bovis was predicted. The proportion of E. durans was low in rivers impacted by animal wastes, and decreased during treatment of sewage and meatworks effluent and after both effluents were mixed with sea water. Thus, superior survival of E. faecium and E. faecalis means that they are likely to be the dominant species in receiving waters, irrespective of whether the pollution is of human or animal origin. Faecal coliform : faecal streptococci/ enterococci ratios were similar in raw Received 7 September 1993; accepted 18 February 1994 sewage and meat processing effluents (generally > 3), but superior enterococcus survival caused a decrease in ratios in groundwater and sea water. Thus, these ratios are probably not useful in distinguishing between human and animal pollution sources in New Zealand receiving waters. M93047

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Section: Animal Faecessupporting

confidence: 81%

Characterisation of faecal streptococci from some New Zealand effluents and receiving waters

Sinton

Donnison²

1994

New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research

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“…Kenner et al (1960) and Geldreich & Kenner (1969) reported combined percentages of 5. bovis and S. equinus ranging from 18.9% for pigs to 66.2% for cattle with the remaining population in animals appearing to be mainly enterococci. Medrek & Barnes (1962) found that S. bovis was the predominant species in most cattle and sheep. S.faecalis, S.faecium, and S. durans were rare in cattle but formed a significant proportion of the population in sheep.…”

Section: Species Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Faecal streptococci as faecal pollution indicators: A review. Part II: Sanitary significance, survival, and use

Sinton

Donnison²,

Hastie

1993

New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research

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Some New Zealand regional councils are examining the use of faecal streptococci (or the subset, enterococci) to assist in identifying pollution sources, or as better indicators of disease risk in bathing waters than faecal coliforms. However, in spite of worldwide investigation, faecal streptococci have largely failed to fulfil their potential as pollution source (human versus animal) indicators in receiving waters. Many qualifications accompany the use of faecal coliform : faecal streptococci (FC : FS) ratios, and the species identification approach (using biochemical and DNA-based methods) has produced inconclusive results. Nevertheless, the FC : FS shift method (in which the ratio changes under sample storage) may M92025 Received 6 May 1992 ; accepted 18 January 1993 warrant further investigation. Although reported results vary widely, most studies indicate that faecal streptococci outlive faecal coliforms in receiving waters and are more resistant to sunlight-induced inactivation. USEPA epidemiological studies showed that enterococcus concentrations were better correlated than faecal conform concentrations with disease risk associated with bathing in sewage-polluted waters. These results, which implied that the enterococci better represented viral hazard, led the USEPA to recommend the use of enterococci (or Escherichia coli in freshwaters) as bathing water quality indicators. These recommendations have largely been followed in provisional New Zealand Department of Health guidelines. However, adoption of the USEPA criteria should be approached cautiously, because of doubts about their epidemiological applicability in New Zealand, and a lack of information about streptococcal concentrations and species profiles in local effluents and receiving waters.

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“…Although enterococci are prevalent in the human intestinal tract, they are less frequently isolated from the animal intestinal tract. E. faecium is the most frequently occurring species in dairy cows (12,19,22,24,26), but E. faecalis, E. hirae, and Enterococcus casseliflavus are also found (10,12). In addition, enterococci are found in water, soil, plants, vegetables, birds, and insects (13,14,16,22).…”

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confidence: 99%

Source of Enterococci in a Farmhouse Raw-Milk Cheese

Gelsomino

Vancanneyt

Cogan

et al. 2002

Appl Environ Microbiol

120

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Enterococci are widely distributed in raw-milk cheeses and are generally thought to positively affect flavor development. Their natural habitats are the human and animal intestinal tracts, but they are also found in soil, on plants, and in the intestines of insects and birds. The source of enterococci in raw-milk cheese is unknown. In the present study, an epidemiological approach with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was used to type 646 Enterococcus strains which were isolated from a Cheddar-type cheese, the milk it was made from, the feces of cows and humans associated with the cheese-making unit, and the environment, including the milking equipment, the water used on the farm, and the cows' teats. Nine different PFGE patterns, three of Enterococcus casseliflavus, five of Enterococcus faecalis, and one of Enterococcus durans, were found. The same three clones, one of E. faecalis and two of E. casseliflavus, dominated almost all of the milk, cheese, and human fecal samples. The two E. casseliflavus clones were also found in the bulk tank and the milking machine even after chlorination, suggesting that a niche where enterococci could grow was present and that contamination with enterococci begins with the milking equipment. It is likely but unproven that the enterococci present in the human feces are due to consumption of the cheese. Cow feces were not considered the source of enterococci in the cheese, as Enterococcus faecium and Streptococcus bovis, which largely dominated the cows' intestinal tracts, were not found in either the milk or the cheese.

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The Distribution of Group D Streptococci in Cattle and Sheep

Cited by 27 publications

References 12 publications

Characterisation of faecal streptococci from some New Zealand effluents and receiving waters

Characterisation of faecal streptococci from some New Zealand effluents and receiving waters

Faecal streptococci as faecal pollution indicators: A review. Part II: Sanitary significance, survival, and use

Source of Enterococci in a Farmhouse Raw-Milk Cheese

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