The distribution of hydrologically effective rainfall incident on sloping ground

Sharon, David

doi:10.1016/0022-1694(80)90041-4

Cited by 139 publications

(128 citation statements)

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“…The discussion is based on a visual examination of the observed spatial patterns of soil moisture and on indicator plots. Two indicator plots for each occasion were derived by thresholding the observed moisture patterns at the 75th and 90th percen- Sharon [1980] (1 Some multivariate cases were also considered, for which the coefficient of determination was calculated using multiple regression. Spatial patterns of residuals from the correlation analysis were plotted and examined to determine how well the topographically organized component of the spatial variation of soil moisture was predicted.…”

Section: Analysis Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Surface slope, tan(B), influences the hydraulic gradient driving any surface flows and also subsurface flows when the water table has a similar slope to the ground surface. Surface slope and aspect together influence both rainfall input [Sharon, 1980] and radiation influx. Radiation influences the energy available to drive evapotranspiration (and processes such as snowmelt [Dozier, 1980;Bl6schl et al, 1991]).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Spatial variations in humidity are unlikely to be significant at small (500 m) catchment scales owing to mixing in the atmospheric boundary layer. Topographically controlled spatial variations in rainfall also occur [Sharon, 1980] owing to wind effects which can be predicted using topographic and meteorological data in an index context. While valid heuristic considerations suggest the usefulness of terrain indices for hydrologic modeling, their success depends ultimately on their predictive power, that is, how much of the spatial variability they can explain.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Observed spatial organization of soil moisture and its relation to terrain indices

Western¹,

Grayson²,

Blöschl³

et al. 1999

Water Resources Research

693

601

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Abstract. We analyze the degree of spatial organization of soil moisture and the ability of terrain attributes to predict that organization. By organization we mean systematic spatial variation or consistent spatial patterns. We use 13 observed spatial patterns of soil moisture, each based on over 500 point measurements, from the 10.5 ha Tarrawarra experimental catchment in Australia. The measured soil moisture patterns exhibit a high degree of organization during wet periods owing to surface and subsurface lateral redistribution of water. During dry periods there is little spatial organization. The shape of the distribution function of soil moisture changes seasonally and is influenced by the presence of spatial organization. Generally, it is quite different from the shape of the distribution functions of various topographic indices. A correlation analysis found that ln(a), where a is the specific upslope area, was the best univariate spatial predictor of soil moisture for wet conditions and that the potential radiation index was best during dry periods. Combinations of ln(a) or In(a/tan(/3)), where/3 is the surface slope, and the potential solar radiation index explain up to 61% of the spatial variation of soil moisture during wet periods and up to 22% during dry periods. These combinations explained the , 1995;Willgoose, 1996; Bl6schl, 1999]. This paper examines (1) the degree of spatial organization of soil moisture in a small catchment during different seasons and (2) how well that organization can be predicted using terrain indices.Hydrologic processes can vary in space in an organized way or randomly or in a combination of the two [Gutknecht, 1993; Bl6schl et al., 1993; Bl6schl, 1999]. We use "randomness" to refer to variability that is not predictable in detail but that has predictable statistical properties, and "organization" to refer to regularity or order. Spatial organization implies variation characterized by consistent spatial patterns [Bl6schl, 1999]. In the context of this paper most of the organization is related to topography. Bl6schl [1999] noted that natural systems can vary from completely disorganized (disordered, random) to highly 797

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Section: Analysis Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Observed spatial organization of soil moisture and its relation to terrain indices

Western¹,

Grayson²,

Blöschl³

et al. 1999

Water Resources Research

693

601

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“…Although processes such as infiltration, runoff and water erosion have been extensively studied using rain simulators, the great majority of these studies used constant rainfall intensities, thus differing considerably from the characteristics of natural rainfall, which is highly variable in both time and space (e.g., Huff, 1967;Eagleson, 1978;Sharon, 1980;Willems, 2001). The spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall is one of the main factors affecting runoff on slopes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Granulometric characterization of sediments transported by surface runoff generated by moving storms

Lima

Souza

Singh

2008

Nonlin. Processes Geophys.

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Abstract. Due to the combined effect of wind and rain, the importance of storm movement to surface flow has long been recognized, at scales ranging from headwater scales to large basins. This study presents the results of laboratory experiments designed to investigate the influence of moving rainfall storms on the dynamics of sediment transport by surface runoff. Experiments were carried out, using a rain simulator and a soil flume. The movement of rainfall was generated by moving the rain simulator at a constant speed in the upstream and downstream directions along the flume. The main objective of the study was to characterize, in laboratory conditions, the distribution of sediment grain-size transported by rainfall-induced overland flow and its temporal evolution. Grain-size distribution of the eroded material is governed by the capacity of flow that transports sediments. Granulometric curves were constructed using conventional hand sieving and a laser diffraction particle size analyser (material below 0.250 mm) for overland flow and sediment deliveries collected at the flume outlet. Surface slope was set at 2%, 7% and 14%. Rainstorms were moved with a constant speed, upslope and downslope, along the flume or were kept static. The results of laboratory experiments show that storm movement, affecting the spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall, has a marked influence on the grain-size characteristics of sediments transported by overland flow. The downstreammoving rainfall storms have higher stream power than do other storm types.

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“…Natural rainfall is highly variable in both time and space (e.g., Eagleson, 1978;Sharon, 1980;Foufoula-Georgiou and Georgakakos, 1991;Ladoy et al, 1991Ladoy et al, , 1993de Lima, 1998). The majority of studies on these regions do not take into account the effect on the hydrologic response caused by the movement of storms across drainage areas.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical modeling of surface runoff and erosion due to moving rainstorms at the drainage basin scale

Nunes

Lima

Singh

et al. 2006

Journal of Hydrology

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Summary A physically-based distributed erosion model (MEFIDIS) was applied to evaluate the consequences of storm movement on runoff and erosion from the Alenquer basin in Portugal. Controlled soil flume laboratory experiments were also used to test the model. Nine synthetic circular storms were used, combining three storm diameters (0.5, 1 and 2 times the Alenquer basin's axial length) with three speeds of storm movement (0.5, 1 and 2 m/s); storm intensities were synthesized in order to maintain a constant rainfall depth of 50 mm. The model was applied to storms moving downstream as well as upstream along the basin's axis. In all tests, downstream-moving storms caused significantly higher peak runoff (56.5%) and net erosion (9.1%) than did upstream-moving storms. The consequences for peak runoff were amplified as the storm intensity increased. The hydrograph shapes were also different: for downstream-moving storms, runoff started later and the rising limb was steeper, whereas for upstream moving storms, runoff started early and the rising limb was less steep. Both laboratory and model simulations on the Alenquer basin showed that the direction of storm movement, especially in case of extreme rainfall events, significantly affected runoff and soil loss.

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The distribution of hydrologically effective rainfall incident on sloping ground

Cited by 139 publications

References 10 publications

Observed spatial organization of soil moisture and its relation to terrain indices

Observed spatial organization of soil moisture and its relation to terrain indices

Granulometric characterization of sediments transported by surface runoff generated by moving storms

Numerical modeling of surface runoff and erosion due to moving rainstorms at the drainage basin scale

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