The Distributional Impacts of Trade

Export product quality and inclusivity in developing countries

“…An increasing attention has been being paid to the issue of “inclusive tradeˮ both in the international and domestic arenas (e.g., Bacchetta et al., 2019; Bacchetta et al., 2021; Engel et al., 2021; Garcia‐Algarra et al., 2020; Goff, 2021; In Luke & Macleod, 2019; UNCTAD, 2007; UNESCAP, 2013; WTO, 2016). The question as to what makes trade inclusive has been approached in the literature from various perspectives.…”

“…Another strand of the literature has considered trade inclusivity from the perspective of the effect of international trade, including trade policies and trade openness on inclusive growth and development (e.g., APEC, 2015; Bacchetta et al., 2019; Dollar & Kraay, 2002; Engel et al., 2021; Gnangnon, 2019; Kang et al., 2017; In Luke & Macleod, 2019; Son & Kakwani, 2008; UNCTAD, 2007; UNECLAC, 2014; UNESCAP, 2009, 2013; Winters, 2014; WTO, 2016; WTO and World Bank, 2015). For example, according to UNESCAP (2009), inclusive trade policy is a “pro‐poor trade policy”, which aligns the objectives of such a policy with both poverty reduction, and the provision of fairer and more equitable access to benefits of economic openness.…”

“…In fact, trade inclusivity has been approached in the literature from different perspectives. These include reducing between‐country trade inequality, including by enhancing the participation of weakest economies in international trade (Garcia‐Algarra et al., 2020), making global trade inclusive for smaller sellers and firms, including small and medium size enterprises (e.g., Goff, 2021; Hui, 2019), as well as whether the participation in international trade, notably through trade policy liberalization and trade openness, has help improve inclusive growth and development (e.g., APEC, 2015; Bacchetta et al., 2019; Dollar & Kraay, 2002; Engel et al., 2021; Kang et al., 2017; UNECLAC, 2014; UNESCAP, 2009, 2013; Winters, 2014; WTO, 2016; WTO and World Bank, 2015). None of these studies has considered the concept of “inclusivity” from the perspective of a concomitant increase in the real per capita income and reduction in within‐country income inequality and poverty.…”

Pass-Through Effects of the East African Community Common External Tariffs on Kenya's Domestic Prices

“…The market structure, in terms of private and public ownership, is also critical for transmitting tariffs to domestic prices. A heavily regulated market would distort pass-through effects, while a competitive private sector would enhance it (Engel, Kokas, Lopez-Acevedo, & Maliszewska, 2021). In China, Han et al (2016) used the size of the private sector to capture market structure of the market.…”

Trade and Regional Economic Development

“…While it is clear that liberalizing trade generates winners and losers, identifying them empirically was near impossible until the advent of firm-level data. Engel et al (2021) provides an overview of the distributional effects of trade across regions and demographic groups over time. At the firm level, Baccini et al (2017) highlight how preferential trade agreements increase trade disproportionately for large firms.…”