The diversity and coevolution of Rubisco, plastids, pyrenoids, and chloroplast-based CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;-concentrating mechanisms in algae

Badger, Murray R.; Andrews, T. John; Whitney, Spencer M.; Ludwig, Martha; Yellowlees, David; Leggat, William; Price, G. Dean

doi:10.1139/cjb-76-6-1052

Cited by 156 publications

(106 citation statements)

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“…CCMs occur today in all the cyanobacteria examined, in all algae apart from a few members of the Chlorophyta and Rhodophyta as well as most or all members of the Chrysophyceae and Synurophyceae, as well as in some hornworts, lycopsids and ferns, and in a significant number of flowering plants ( Winter & Smith 1995;Badger et al 1998Badger et al , 2002Sage & Monson 1998;Colman et al 2002;Keeley & Rundel 2003;Price & Badger 2003;Edwards et al 2004;Giordano et al 2005;Raven et al 2005a-c;Price et al 2007;Roberts et al 2007a,b; (b) Cyanobacteria In cyanobacteria, the CCM is based on accumulation of HCO K 3 in the cytosol (table 1a,b), movement of this HCO K 3 through their proteinaceous shells into the carboxysomes containing rubisco, and conversion to CO 2 using one or more carbonic anhydrase (CA) enzymes (Badger et al 2002;Price et al 2007). The open ocean cyanobacteria with form IA rubiscos have a restricted suite of HCO K 3 accumulation processes and, probably, little capacity to acclimatize to decreased inorganic C availability (an unlikely event in the pelagic ocean).…”

Section: The Range Of Organisms With Ccms (A) Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(c) Algae There is apparently greater diversity of CCMs in algae than in cyanobacteria (table 1c-g,i ) and less is known about the mechanisms and molecular genetics of the CCMs (Badger et al 1998;Colman et al 2002;Giordano et al 2005). Pyrenoids, which are within the chloroplast stroma and contain rubisco, occur in many algae expressing CCMs.…”

Section: The Range Of Organisms With Ccms (A) Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The evolution of inorganic carbon concentrating mechanisms in photosynthesis

Raven

Cockell

Rocha

2008

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

300

206

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Inorganic carbon concentrating mechanisms (CCMs) catalyse the accumulation of CO 2 around rubisco in all cyanobacteria, most algae and aquatic plants and in C 4 and crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) vascular plants. CCMs are polyphyletic (more than one evolutionary origin) and involve active transport of HCO K 3 , CO 2 and/or H C , or an energized biochemical mechanism as in C 4 and CAM plants. While the CCM in almost all C 4 plants and many CAM plants is constitutive, many CCMs show acclimatory responses to variations in the supply of not only CO 2 but also photosynthetically active radiation, nitrogen, phosphorus and iron. The evolution of CCMs is generally considered in the context of decreased CO 2 availability, with only a secondary role for increasing O 2 . However, the earliest CCMs may have evolved in oxygenic cyanobacteria before the atmosphere became oxygenated in stromatolites with diffusion barriers around the cells related to UV screening. This would decrease CO 2 availability to cells and increase the O 2 concentration within them, inhibiting rubisco and generating reactive oxygen species, including O 3 .

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Section: The Range Of Organisms With Ccms (A) Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Range Of Organisms With Ccms (A) Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

The evolution of inorganic carbon concentrating mechanisms in photosynthesis

Raven

Cockell

Rocha

2008

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

300

206

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“…This ancient enzyme evolved, similarly to the nitrogenase, during times of elevated CO 2 levels and low O 2 concentrations and is characterized by a very low-affinity for its substrate CO 2 , a slow maximum turnover rate, as well as a susceptibility to a competing reaction with O 2 (Badger and Andrews 1987;Tortell 2000). Cyanobacterial RubisCO has one of the highest half-saturation concentrations for CO 2 of all autotrophic organisms (K M of 105-185 lmol l -1 CO 2 ; Badger et al 1998). Consequently, RubisCO represents a potential bottle neck for primary production by cyanobacteria in today's oceans.…”

Section: Inorganic Carbon Acquisitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Owing to the poor catalytic properties of RubisCO (Badger et al 1998), the energetic costs of the CCM are high but its operation is nonetheless crucial for Trichodesmium. This is especially true during bloom conditions, when pH levels rise and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentrations can be significantly lowered in the ambient seawater ).…”

Section: Ecological Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interactions between CCM and N2 fixation in Trichodesmium

2010

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In view of the current increase in atmospheric pCO 2 and concomitant changes in the marine environment, it is crucial to assess, understand, and predict future responses of ecologically relevant phytoplankton species. The diazotrophic cyanobacterium Trichodesmium erythraeum was found to respond strongly to elevated pCO 2 by increasing growth, production rates, and N 2 fixation. The magnitude of these CO 2 effects exceeds those previously seen in other phytoplankton, raising the question about the underlying mechanisms. Here, we review recent publications on metabolic pathways of Trichodesmium from a gene transcription level to the protein activities and energy fluxes. Diurnal patterns of nitrogenase activity change markedly with CO 2 availability, causing higher diel N 2 fixation rates under elevated pCO 2 . The observed responses to elevated pCO 2 could not be attributed to enhanced energy generation via gross photosynthesis, although there are indications for CO 2 -dependent changes in ATP/ NADPH ? H ? production. The CO 2 concentrating mechanism (CCM) in Trichodesmium is primarily based on HCO 3 -uptake. Although only little CO 2 uptake was detected, the NDH complex seems to play a crucial role in internal cycling of inorganic carbon, especially under elevated pCO 2 . Affinities for inorganic carbon change over the day, closely following the pattern in N 2 fixation, and generally decrease with increasing pCO 2 . This down-regulation of CCM activity and the simultaneously enhanced N 2 fixation point to a shift in energy allocation from carbon acquisition to N 2 fixation under elevated pCO 2 levels. A strong light modulation of CO 2 effects further corroborates the role of energy fluxes as a key to understand the responses of Trichodesmium.

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“…All graphs are plotted versus age (for age model see auxiliary material) and three-point running means are shown in bold. Also shown are the error envelopes [Badger et al, 1998] for the temperature reconstructions (for the three-point running mean) and calibrated AMS radiocarbon dates with a ± 2 s error. and ∼0.2 ‰ (VSMOW) d 18 O sw decrease, respectively.…”

Section: Early Holocene Coolingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduced North Atlantic Central Water formation in response to early Holocene ice‐sheet melting

Bamberg

Rosenthal

Paul

et al. 2010

Geophysical Research Letters

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[1] Central waters of the North Atlantic are fundamental for ventilation of the upper ocean and are also linked to the strength of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). Here, we show based on benthic foraminiferal Mg/Ca ratios, that during times of enhanced melting from the Laurentide Ice Sheet (LIS) between 9.0-8.5 thousand years before present (ka) the production of central waters weakened the upper AMOC resulting in a cooling over the Northern Hemisphere. Centered at 8.54 ± 0.2 ka and 8.24 ± 0.1 ka our dataset records two ∼150-year cooling events in response to the drainage of Lake Agassiz/Ojibway, indicating early slow-down of the upper AMOC in response to the initial freshwater flux into the subpolar gyre (SPG) followed by a more severe weakening of both the upper and lower branches of the AMOC at 8.2 ka. These results highlight the sensitivity of regional North Atlantic climate change to the strength of central-water overturning and exemplify the impact of both gradual and abrupt freshwater fluxes on eastern SPG surface water convection. In light of the possible future increase in Greenland Ice Sheet melting due to global warming these findings may help us to better constrain and possibly predict future North Atlantic climate change. Citation:

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The diversity and coevolution of Rubisco, plastids, pyrenoids, and chloroplast-based CO<sub>2</sub>-concentrating mechanisms in algae

Cited by 156 publications

References 0 publications

The evolution of inorganic carbon concentrating mechanisms in photosynthesis

The evolution of inorganic carbon concentrating mechanisms in photosynthesis

Interactions between CCM and N2 fixation in Trichodesmium

Reduced North Atlantic Central Water formation in response to early Holocene ice‐sheet melting

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