The domain of homeostasis.

Rc, Davis

doi:10.1037/h0045358

Cited by 27 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…T o bring this about, certain systems have to work harder in some conditions than in others: in a cold environment a small homotherm produces much more heat than in a warm one, by virtue of substantial changes in neural activity, hormone output, catabolism, food consumption and much else. When there is a change in one system which prevents change in another, we have 'heterostasis' (Davis, 1958). Much valuable work has been done during the past quarter-century on the secondary changes of stress in the above sense, notably those involving the adrenal cortex.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptation of Mice to Cold

Barnett

1965

Biological Reviews

109

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Summary Since 1953 laboratory mice have been bred continuously in an environment kept at – 3° C. Control stocks are kept at 21° C. All mice have cotton wool bedding. The effects of the cold environment are reviewed, and related to observations on other species exposed to cold. Physiological adaptation The principal physiological adaptation, of a small mammal exposed to cold, is increased heat production. Inbred mice, fully adapted to – 3° C., expend up to 4–5 kcal./100 g. body weight/hr., or about four times that of controls at 21°C. This is probably a maximum, maintained only outside the nest and for short periods. Colon temperature is unchanged; skin temperature, though high (31 °C. at the surface), is lower than at 21° C. (34° C.). Virgin female inbred mice at – 3° C. eat about twice as much food, per unit body weight, as controls at 21° C. The difference during late pregnancy is, however, much less; and, relative to body weight, consumption during the first 10 days of lactation is lower at – 3° C. than at 21° C. There are fewer young at ‐ 3° C. The lactating females may eat the maximum they can digest. Food is probably utilized more efficiently at ‐ 3° C. than at 21° C. Lowered external temperature reduces activity. Mice in a cold environment economize in general exploration of their environment; they also do no ‘functionless’ gnawing of friable materials. After increased heat production, the most important adaptive response is nest‐building. When accustomed to a cold environment, mice build better nests than in a warm one. But, given unfamiliar nest material, in a novel situation, they build a nest less quickly at – 3° C. than at 21° C.‐another example of economizing in energy. On exposure to cold, an increase in body weight would be adaptive. Some wild mammals increase their weight and body fat in winter. But adult laboratory mice, after transfer from 21 to ‐ 3° C., lose weight, largely owing to loss of fat. In this they resemble laboratory rats transferred to a cold environment. Similarly, inbred mice reared at ‐ 3° C. are usually lighter, at all ages, than controls at 21° C. Appendages, especially tails, are usually shorter in a cold thanin a warm environment; in mice the caudal vertebrae are shorter. The extent to which this reduces heat loss is not known. A genetically mixed stock of mice, selected for fertility at ‐ 3° C., developed longer tails during eighteen generations in the cold. Laboratory rats, after a few weeks at about +4° C., alone, without nests, have heavier liver and kidneys, intestine, heart and adrenal glands, than controls. Exposure in groups, or to seasonal cold, evokes different responses. In cold‐adapted inbred mice of the first or second generations reared at ‐3′ C., stomach, intestine, liver, and heart are heavier than those of controls. Insulation by hair is slightly increased at ‐ 3° C., though the heat‐conserving effect of this is small; the weight of the cropped skin is reduced in inbred mice, but it was unchanged in a genetically mixed stock after twelve generations in a cold...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptation of Mice to Cold

Barnett

1965

Biological Reviews

109

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“…Subsequent attempts to employ the concept of homeostasis led to much confusion and dissatisfaction with the concept in physiology, biology, and psychology (29, 44, 58). Eventually, much of the problem was traced to two contrasting definitions of homeostasis: it was sometimes construed to be an end (of constancy in the face of change), and sometimes a means to that end (19, 58). Homeostasis as means (i.e., the homeostatic mechanism) is a causal dualism.…”

Section: The Problem With Homeostasismentioning

confidence: 99%

Beyond Homeostasis: Toward a Concept of Coherence

Dell¹

1982

Family Process

240

197

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The concept of homeostasis has served as a major building block, if not the cornerstone, of family theory and family therapy. Designed to account for the perceived stability of systems (and symptoms), homeostasis is an epistemologically flawed concept that has repetitively been used in the service of dualistic, animistic, and vitalistic interpretations of systems. Accordingly, homeostasis has led to quirky clinical formulations and a great deal of fuzzy theorizing. This paper contends that the notion of homeostasis is fundamentally inconsistent with systemic epistemology and should be replaced with the more compatible concept of coherence. Whereas homeostasis is a heuristic concept that is not part of a more encompassing theory, the concept of coherence is inseparable from the epistemology in which it is embedded.

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“…Emotion regulation is the adjustment of emotional state or expression to meet goals or to maintain homeostasis or allostasis (Davis, ; Eisenberg, Spinrad, & Eggum, ; Gross, ; Nigg, ). It involves both intrinsic (self‐regulation) and extrinsic (interpersonal) processes (Feldman, Greenbaum, & Yirmiya, ; Fogel, ).…”

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confidence: 99%

Increases in Arousal are More Long‐Lasting than Decreases in Arousal: On Homeostatic Failures During Emotion Regulation in Infancy

Wass

Clackson

Leong

2018

Infancy

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In emotion regulation, negative or undesired emotions are downregulated, but there are also opponent processes to emotion regulation—in which undesired emotions are exacerbated dynamically over time by processes that have an amplifying or upregulating impact. Evidence for such processes has been shown in adults, but little previous work has examined whether infants show similar patterns. To examine this, we measured physiological arousal in 57 typical 12 month olds while presenting a 20‐min mixed viewing battery. Fluctuations in autonomic arousal were measured via heart rate, electrodermal activity, and movement. We reasoned that if transitions in autonomic arousal are random (stochastic), then (1) arousal would be normally distributed across the session, and (2) episodes where arousal exceeded a certain threshold above the mean should be as long‐lived as those where arousal exceeded the same threshold below the mean. In fact we found that (1) heart rate and movement (but not electrodermal activity) were positively skewed, and (2) that increases in arousal have a lower extinction probability than decreases in arousal. Our findings may suggest that increases in arousal are self‐sustaining. These patterns are the opposite of the homeostatic mechanisms predicted by naïve approaches to emotion regulation.

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The domain of homeostasis.

Cited by 27 publications

References 4 publications

Adaptation of Mice to Cold

Adaptation of Mice to Cold

Beyond Homeostasis: Toward a Concept of Coherence

Increases in Arousal are More Long‐Lasting than Decreases in Arousal: On Homeostatic Failures During Emotion Regulation in Infancy

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