The dose response principle from philosophy to modern toxicology: The impact of ancient philosophy and medicine in modern toxicology science

Abstract

HighlightsThe concept of dose response traces back to 8th century BC, with Hesiod’s Harmonia.Mithridates VI Eupator was the first to approach the notion of dose response in practice.Paracelsus was the first to underline the importance of dose in the final toxic result of a xenobiotic.Bernard stated the dose response concept, Cushny, Harnack & Ehrlich formulated threshold and minimal effective dose terms.Hornesis stems from the biphasic nature of dose response, and can enhance risk assessment strategies.

Lead (Pb) exposure induces dopaminergic neurotoxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans: Involvement of the dopamine transporter

“…This result is consistent with previous studies where heavy metals alter dopaminergic neuronal structure in C. elegans [41,42]. Also, several studies in both rats and human have highlighted the combined toxic effect of Pb with other heavy metals on dopaminergic neurons [[43], [44], [45], [46]]. This observed neurodegenerative effects of Pb exposure were concomitant with neurobehavioral deficit (Fig.…”

Carcinogenic, ethanol, acetaldehyde and noncarcinogenic higher alcohols, esters, and methanol compounds found in traditional alcoholic beverages. A risk assessment approach

“…In the present study, the concentrations of cancinogenic or possibly carcinogenic compounds (ethanol and acetaldehyde), higher alcohols (1-propanol, isobutanol, and isoamyl alcohol), esters (ethyl acetate), and methanol in the most popular Greek traditional alcoholic beverages (tsipouro and tsikoudia) were measured to estimate the potential cancer risk and daily intake of the compounds. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) margin of exposure (MOE) was used for cancer risk characterization, and the no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL), oral reference dose (RfD), and data from the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) were used to assess the health risk of the compounds, in accordance with the health risk index (HRI), [ [17] , [18] , [19] , [20] , [21] , [22] , [23] , [24] , [25] ].…”

Toxicological profile of Amanita virosa – A narrative review

“…In this regard, several pharmacologically active compounds have been characterized in mushrooms [7]. Historically, it was noted that athletes in the 3 rd century BC consumed mushrooms to enhance their performance [8]. In many countries, including Iran, collection and consumption of wild mushrooms found in forests and grasslands are traditional social activities [4,[9], [10], [11], [12]].…”