The double agents in liquid biopsy: promoter and informant biomarkers of early metastases in breast cancer

Abstract

Breast cancer continues to be a major global problem with significant mortality associated with advanced stage and metastases at clinical presentation. However, several findings suggest that metastasis is indeed an early occurrence. The standard diagnostic techniques such as invasive core needle biopsy, serological protein marker assays, and non-invasive radiological imaging do not provide information about the presence and molecular profile of small fractions of early metastatic tumor cells which are prematurely dispersed in the circulatory system. These circulating tumor cells (CTCs) diverge from the primary tumors as clusters with a defined secretome comprised of circulating cell-free nucleic acids and small microRNAs (miRNAs). These circulatory biomarkers provide a blueprint of the mutational profile of the tumor burden and tumor associated alterations in the molecular signaling pathways involved in oncogenesis. Amidst the multitude of circulatory biomarkers, miRNAs serve as relatively stable and precise biomarkers in the blood for the early detection of CTCs, and promote step-wise disease progression by executing paracrine signaling that transforms the microenvironment to guide the metastatic CTCs to anchor at a conducive new organ. Random sampling of easily accessible patient blood or its serum/plasma derivatives and other bodily fluids collectively known as liquid biopsy (LB), forms an efficient alternative to tissue biopsies. In this review, we discuss in detail the divergence of early metastases as CTCs and the involvement of miRNAs as detectable blood-based diagnostic biomarkers that warrant a timely screening of cancer, serial monitoring of therapeutic response, and the dynamic molecular adaptations induced by miRNAs on CTCs in guiding primary and second-line systemic therapy.

Removal of noise on mammogram breast images using filtering methods

“…The proven studies state that the detection of damaged tissue are BC disease. It results are 82% of sensitivity, 94% specificity, and 89% accuracy 17 …”

“…It results are 82% of sensitivity, 94% specificity, and 89% accuracy. 17 Breast Biopsy: To study whether the Tumor/Lesion is cancerous or non-cancerous. Biopsies are different types Fine-Needle Biopsy, Core-Needle Biopsy, and Vacuum-Assisted use for tumor study.…”

Liquid Biopsy in the Management of Breast Cancer Patients: Where Are We Now and Where Are We Going

“…However, for advanced neoplastic disorders, LB may play a leading role in situations where it is required to identify potential therapeutic targets [ 2 ]. Increasing interest among researchers in LB is motivated by the possibility of obtaining patient- and time-specific information [ 3 ]. Moreover, the ease of obtaining biological material for analysis permits to process of serial blood samples in a brief period, that in turn enhances the likelihood of early detection of changes in the patient’s disease status (e.g., disease relapse) [ 4 ].…”

Dynamic display of cell targeting motifs via natural glycopeptide recognition for cancer cell isolation

“…As the major cause of cancer death, cancer metastasis is the detachment of tumour cells from solid tumours and their presence in the circulatory system in the form of circulating tumour cells (CTCs), which metastasize by extravasation, attachment to the site of metastasis and colonization. 7 Numerous studies have shown that CTCs are identical to the primary tumour tissue in terms of the genome, 8 gene expression, 9 protein expression, 8 a ,10 and cellular function. 11 Therefore, CTCs show great promise for cancer diagnosis as a non-invasive cancer diagnostic modality, especially when tumour biopsy is challenging or unavailable.…”