“…The value of LSA is largely determined by the geophysical parameters of land surfaces (e.g., land cover types, vegetation greenness, vegetation structure, soil surface roughness, soil moisture, fraction of snow cover, snow grain size, soot concentrations of snow, and snow depth). For most circumstances, the properties of snow, vegetation, and soil are the most important driving factors of LSA, and the importance of these driving factors varies with geographical locations [39]. However, the LSA can also be significantly influenced by many indirect factors, such as air temperature, precipitation, human activities, and atmospheric circulation.…”