The Driving Waveform Design Method of Power-Law Fluid Piezoelectric Printing Based on Iterative Learning Control

Abstract

In some applications of piezoelectric three-dimensional inkjet printing, the materials used are power-law fluids as they are shear thinning. Their time-varying viscosities affect the droplet formation, which is determined by the volume flow rate at the nozzle outlet. To obtain a fine printing effect, it is necessary to present a driving waveform design method that considers the shear-thinning viscosities of materials to control the volume flow rate at the nozzle outlet, which lays the foundation for the single and stable droplet generation during the printing process. In this research, we established the relationship between the driving waveform and the volume flow rate at the nozzle outlet by modifying a model that describes the inkjet mechanism of power-law fluid. The modified model was used to present a driving waveform design method based on iterative learning control. The iterative learning law of the method was designed based on the gradient descent algorithm and demonstrated its convergence. The driving waveform design method was verified to be practical and feasible by implementing drop generation experiments.

Inkjet Printing Optimization: Toward Realization of High‐Resolution Printed Electronics

“…It is important to note here that the dwell voltage ( V D ) used, however, should be large enough to overcome the ink surface tension and permit jetting. [ 118 ] An overly high V D can result in stronger acoustic waves and excessive force pushing the ink out of nozzle. This can lead to elongated drop trails, and in some cases, the formation of satellites during ejection.…”