The Drug Resistance of Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax in Iran: A Review Article

Heidari, Aliehsan; Keshavarz, Hossein

doi:10.18502/ijpa.v16i2.6265

Cited by 8 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Additionally, it puts attempts to manage and eradicate malaria at risk [ 133 ]. P. vivax is currently known to be resistant to antimalarial drugs [ 87 ]. Additionally, pharmacological interactions that lead to cross-resistance between drugs with the same chemical family or similar modes of action can also be blamed for the worsening of antimalarial drug resistance [ 37 ].…”

Section: Control Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasmodium vivax: the potential obstacles it presents to malaria elimination and eradication

Habtamu

Petros

Yan

2022

Trop Dis Travel Med Vaccines

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Initiatives to eradicate malaria have a good impact on P. falciparum malaria worldwide. P. vivax, however, still presents significant difficulties. This is due to its unique biological traits, which, in comparison to P. falciparum, pose serious challenges for malaria elimination approaches. P. vivax's numerous distinctive characteristics and its ability to live for weeks to years in liver cells in its hypnozoite form, which may elude the human immune system and blood-stage therapy and offer protection during mosquito-free seasons. Many malaria patients are not fully treated because of contraindications to primaquine use in pregnant and nursing women and are still vulnerable to P. vivax relapses, although there are medications that could radical cure P. vivax. Additionally, due to CYP2D6's highly variable genetic polymorphism, the pharmacokinetics of primaquine may be impacted. Due to their inability to metabolize PQ, some CYP2D6 polymorphism alleles can cause patients to not respond to treatment. Tafenoquine offers a radical treatment in a single dose that overcomes the potentially serious problem of poor adherence to daily primaquine. Despite this benefit, hemolysis of the early erythrocytes continues in individuals with G6PD deficiency until all susceptible cells have been eliminated. Field techniques such as microscopy or rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) miss the large number of submicroscopic and/or asymptomatic infections brought on by reticulocyte tropism and the low parasitemia levels that accompany it. Moreover, P. vivax gametocytes grow more quickly and are much more prevalent in the bloodstream. P. vivax populations also have a great deal of genetic variation throughout their genome, which ensures evolutionary fitness and boosts adaptation potential. Furthermore, P. vivax fully develops in the mosquito faster than P. falciparum. These characteristics contribute to parasite reservoirs in the human population and facilitate faster transmission. Overall, no genuine chance of eradication is predicted in the next few years unless new tools for lowering malaria transmission are developed (i.e., malaria elimination and eradication). The challenging characteristics of P. vivax that impede the elimination and eradication of malaria are thus discussed in this article.

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Section: Control Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasmodium vivax: the potential obstacles it presents to malaria elimination and eradication

Habtamu

Petros

Yan

2022

Trop Dis Travel Med Vaccines

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“…Iran is one of the endemic countries for human fascioliasis [ 14 ] and toxoplasmosis [ 15 ], especially in the Caspian Sea basin (North of Iran); both infections are in the highest prevalence among the human population [ 14 , 15 ]. In 1989 in Gilan Province (north of the country), thousands of individuals had signs of fascioliasis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It was the first largest outbreak of human fascioliasis in the world infecting about 10000 humans. Ten years later, the second outbreak affecting 5000 people occurred in the same region [ 14 ]. Considering toxoplasmosis, the seroprevalence is reported as high as 64.7% [ 16 ] and 74.6% [ 17 ] in the Caspian Sea basin (North of Iran).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seroprevalence of Fasciola sp. and Toxoplasma gondii Infections in Rural and Urban Inhabitants of Jolfa County, Northwest Iran

Zeinali,

Jafari,

Khademvatan

et al. 2024

Journal of Parasitology Research

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Fascioliasis and toxoplasmosis are the two important zoonotic diseases that are endemic in Iran and share some common transmission routes. The present study is aimed at determining the seroprevalence of human fascioliasis and toxoplasmosis in rural and urban areas of Jolfa County, Northwest Iran. In a cross-sectional study, 600 human sera were collected randomly from humans living in Jolfa County including three cities and 13 villages from 2017 to 2018. Anti-Toxoplasma IgG and anti-Fasciola sp. IgG tests have been performed using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Four (0.7%) out of 600 human sera showed positive levels of anti-Fasciola IgG. Three out of four seropositive humans were from an urban area, and one (25%) was from rural inhabitants. Considering T. gondii infection, 45% of studied human sera were seropositive for anti-T. gondii IgG. In conclusion, this is the first study reporting Fasciola seropositivity in the area. Based on the findings, human fascioliasis is present in the studied area, Northwest Iran, granted in low prevalence. Considering T. gondii seropositivity, the prevalence is high, yet close to the reports from other regions in the province.

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“…Fasciolosis is considered as the most important helminth infection of the livestock in Iran with a prevalence ranging from 0.1% to 91.4% (Ashrafi, 2015 ). The endemic nature of fasciliasis leads to economic concerns not only because of decreased a growth, weight, fertility and condemnation of the infected liver but also for public health reasons as two large outbreaks of human fascioliasis occurred during the past two decades in Iran (Bashiri et al., 2021 ; Bozorgomid et al., 2018 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of genetic markers for multilocus sequence typing (MLST) of Fasciola isolates from Iran

Nazari

Rokni

Ichikawa‐Seki

et al. 2022

Veterinary Medicine & Sci

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Background Several markers have been described to characterise the population structure and genetic diversity of Fasciola species (Fasciola hepatica (F. hepatica) and Fasciola gigantica (F. gigantica). However, sequence analysis of a single genomic locus cannot provide sufficient resolution for the genetic diversity of the Fasciola parasite whose genomes are ∼1.3 GB in size. Objectives To gain a better understanding of the gene diversity of Fasciola isolates from western Iran and to identify the most informative markers as candidates for epidemiological studies, five housekeeping genes were evaluated using a multilocus sequence typing (MLST) approach. Methods MLST analysis was developed based on five genes (ND1, Pepck, Pold, Cyt b and HSP70) after genomic DNA extraction, amplification and sequencing. Nucleotide diversity and phylogeny analysis were conducted on both concatenated MLST loci and each individual locus. A median joining haplotype network was created to examine the haplotypes relationship among Fasciola isolates. Results Thirty‐three Fasciola isolates (19 F. hepatica and 14 F. gigantica) were included in the study. A total of 2971 bp was analysed for each isolate and 31 sequence types (STs) were identified among the 33 isolates (19 for F. hepatica and 14 for F. gigantica isolates). The STs produced 44 and 42 polymorphic sites and 17 and 14 haplotypes for F. hepatica and F. gigantica, respectively. Haplotype diversity was 0.982 ± 0.026 and 1.000 ± 0.027 and nucleotide diversity was 0.00200 and 0.00353 ± 0.00088 for F. hepatica and F. gigantica, respectively. There was a high degree of genetic diversity with a Simpson's index of diversity of 0.98 and 1 for F. hepatica and F. gigantica, respectively. While HSP70 and Pold haplotypes from Fasciola species were separated by one to three mutational steps, the haplotype networks of ND1 and Cyt b were more complex and numerous mutational steps were found, likely due to recombination. Conclusions Although HSP70 and Pold genes from F. gigantica were invariant over the entire region of sequence coverage, MLST was useful for investigating the phylogenetic relationship of Fasciola species. The present study also provided insight into markers more suitable for phylogenetic studies and the genetic structure of Fasciola parasites.

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The Drug Resistance of Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax in Iran: A Review Article

Cited by 8 publications

References 46 publications

Plasmodium vivax: the potential obstacles it presents to malaria elimination and eradication

Plasmodium vivax: the potential obstacles it presents to malaria elimination and eradication

Seroprevalence of Fasciola sp. and Toxoplasma gondii Infections in Rural and Urban Inhabitants of Jolfa County, Northwest Iran

Assessment of genetic markers for multilocus sequence typing (MLST) of Fasciola isolates from Iran

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