The dual anti‐caries effect of carboxymethyl chitosan nanogel loaded with chimeric lysin ClyR and amorphous calcium phosphate

Abstract

In this study, we evaluated the anti-biofilm and anti-demineralization abilities of a novel material, CMC-ClyR-ACP nanogel, designed by loading the chimeric lysin ClyR and amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) into a nanocarrier material carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC), in a demineralization model. Dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, and Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy showed that CMC-ClyR-ACP nanogel was synthesized successfully. Enamel samples prepared from premolars were divided into five groups according to their treatments with: (i) double distilled water ddH 2 O, (ii) CMC-ACP, (iii) CMC-ClyR-ACP, (iv) ClyR, or (v) 0.12% chlorhexidine. Streptococcus mutans was allowed to form biofilms on the teeth for two days before treatment procedures were carried out from day 3 to day 6. The relative biofilm viability analyzed by Cell Counting Kit-8 showed that it was significantly lower (at 55.7%) for CMC-ClyR-ACP than seen for ddH 2 O (89.9%), which was consistent with result of confocal laser scanning microscopy.The percentage surface hardness loss of CMC-ClyR-ACP (29.2%) was significantly lower than that of CMC-ACP (51.0%) and ClyR (58.7%) alone, and there was no significant difference between CMC-ClyR-ACP and chlorhexidine (26.9%), which was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. Therefore, CMC-ClyR-ACP nanogel may be an effective strategy for the control of enamel demineralization.

Application of Amorphous Calcium Phosphate Agents in the Prevention and Treatment of Enamel Demineralization

“…However, Since ACP is easy to agglomerate and is unstable in an aqueous solution (Chow et al, 1998), the main challenge in applying the ACP for enamel remineralization is its stabilization. Many different materials that could stabilize calcium and phosphorus ions, including amelogenin and its analogs (Tsiourvas et al, 2015;Wang Y et al, 2020), casein phosphopeptides (Cross et al, 2005), polymers like chitosan derivatives (Zhu et al, 2021), carboxymethylated PAMAM (Chen et al, 2013) and polyelectrolytes (Hua et al, 2020), have been used in studies to stabilize calcium and phosphorus ions into ACP. Another strategy is to store the ACP in a water-free state so that ACP particles and NACP particles are formed (Betts et al, 1975;Xu et al, 2011).…”

“…Studies has been conducted to address the storage and application challenges of ACP agents: 1) Mouthwash. Studies used carriers like chitosan (Ruan et al, 2013) and carboxymethyl chitosan (Zhu et al, 2021) to load ACP agents and these delivery systems can be applied in the oral environment in the form of mouthwash.…”

“…The recrystallization of demineralization enamel is realized by the ordered crystallization of ACP to form enamel-like hydroxyapatite crystals (Zhang et al, 2014;Zhang et al, 2018). Zhu combined carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) and lysozyme (LYZ) to stabilize ACP and formed the CMC/LYZ-ACP nano-gel, which can regenerate prism-like remineralized enamel layer on the surface of eroded enamel to realize the remineralization (Zhu et al, 2021). Song successively added CaCl 2 and K 2 HPO 4 into Pchi solution to construct the Pchi-ACP nano-complex.…”

Caries Management with Non-Metallic Nanomaterials: A Systematic Review

“… 32 The chimeric lysin can be combined with amorphous calcium phosphate in carboxymethyl chitosan nanogel to inhibit biofilm formation and promote remineralization. 33 …”

CHN nanocomposites and nanocoating resist enamel white spot lesions by enhancing remineralization and antibacterial activity

“…Nowadays, a series of novel calcium phosphate-based remineralization delivery systems have been developed for clinical remineralization. 26–28 However, different forms of calcium phosphate have different stability and solubility in the oral environment, and require controlled release through specific carriers. 25,29,30 Therefore, designing a sustained release system is helpful for calcium phosphate to play a better remineralization role.…”