The Dual Nature of Type I and Type II Interferons

Lee, Dean A.; Ashkar, Ali A.

doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.02061

Cited by 536 publications

(514 citation statements)

References 99 publications

(124 reference statements)

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“…However, each cytokine play its own role in the immune response, whether it stimulates the inflammatory process or not. Our results showed that KM1608 enhanced the mRNA expressions of IFN-α, -β, and IL-10, consistent with the previous studies that type-I IFNs stimulate the IL-10 expression in macrophages [38].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

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Effect of Herbal Formulation on Immune Response Enhancement in RAW 264.7 Macrophages

Trinh

Park

et al. 2020

Biomolecules

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Immune response is a necessary self-defense mechanism that protects the host from infectious organisms. Many medicinal plants are popularly used in Asian folk medicine to increase body resistance. An herbal formulation named KM1608 was prepared from three medicinal plants: Saussurea lappa, Terminalia chebula, and Zingiber officinale. In this study, we evaluated the immune stimulatory effect of KM1608 on RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. Network pharmacological analyses were used to predict potential immune response pathways of major compounds from KM1608. The cytotoxicity and immuno-stimulating effect of KM1608 were determined using cell viability and nitric oxide assays. The underlying mechanism of immunomodulatory activity was evaluated by quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The results of network pharmacological analysis suggested that major compounds from KM1608 possess anticancer potential via immune signaling pathways. After treatment with KM1608 at 25–100 µg/mL for 24 h, the level of nitric oxide was increased in the dose-dependent manner. The results of quantitative real-time PCR showed that KM1608 stimulates the expression of immune cytokines (interferon (IFN)-α, -β, IL-1β, -6, IL-10, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)) in macrophages. KM1608 extract is a potential agent for immune response enhancement.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…They also promote the IL-10 expression in macrophages. Type-I IFNs not only trigger the antiviral immune response, but also downregulate this response to limit the tissue damage [38]. In addition, type-I IFNs participate in the antitumor activity by promoting the adaptive immune response of CD8+ T-cells which controls tumor growth.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Herbal Formulation on Immune Response Enhancement in RAW 264.7 Macrophages

Trinh

Park

et al. 2020

Biomolecules

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“…The roles of other cytokines in EV‐A71 pathogenesis are little understood. Involvements of these cytokines in disease pathogenesis have also been observed in other viral infections . IL‐β is secreted by activated macrophages.…”

Section: Host Immune Responses To Ev‐a71 Infectionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Immune responses against enterovirus A71 infection: Implications for vaccine success

Aw-Yong

NikNadia

Tan

et al. 2019

Reviews in Medical Virology

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Summary Enterovirus A71 (EV‐A71) from the Picornaviridae family is an important emerging pathogen causing hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) outbreaks worldwide. EV‐A71 also caused fatal neurological complications in young children especially in Asia. On the basis of seroepidemiological studies from many Asian countries, EV‐A71 infection is very common. Children of very young age are particularly vulnerable. Large‐scale epidemics that occur every 3 to 4 years are associated with accumulation of an immunologically naive younger population. Capsid proteins especially VP1 with the presence of major B‐ and T‐cell epitopes are the most antigenic proteins. The nonstructural proteins mainly contribute to T‐cell epitopes that induce cross‐reactive immune responses against other enteroviruses. Dominant epitopes and their neutralization magnitudes differ in mice, rabbits, and humans. Neutralizing antibody is sufficient for immune protection, but poorer cellular immunity may lead to severe neurological complications and deaths. Some chemokines/cytokines are consistently found in severely ill patients, for example, IL‐6, IL‐10, IL‐17A, MCP‐1, IL‐8, MIG, IP‐10, IFN‐γ, and G‐CSF. An increase in white cell counts is a risk factor for severe HFMD. Recent clinical trials on EV‐A71 inactivated vaccine showed >90% efficacy and a robust neutralization response that was protective, indicating neutralizing antibody correlates for protection. No protection against other enteroviruses was observed. A comprehensive understanding of the immune responses to EV‐A71 infection will benefit the development of diagnostic tools, potential therapeutics, and subunit vaccine candidates. Future development of a multivalent enterovirus vaccine will require knowledge of correlates of protection, understanding of cross‐protection and memory T‐cell responses among enteroviruses.

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“…However, the discovery of the IFNLR on neutrophils and DCs suggests a more broad function for this cytokine during respiratory pathogen to protect the barrier response (54). Type II IFN is largely secreted by natural killer (NK) cells (55) and recruited CD8 + T cells (56) in response to IAV infection, and IFNγ signals the local macrophage populations that express the receptor IFNGR to promote phagocytosis, reactive bursts, and the production of proinflammatory cytokines (57).…”

Section: Epithelial-resident Leukocyte Crosstalk During Early Iav Infmentioning

confidence: 99%

Respiratory Barrier as a Safeguard and Regulator of Defense Against Influenza A Virus and Streptococcus pneumoniae

et al. 2020

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The primary function of the respiratory system of gas exchange renders it vulnerable to environmental pathogens that circulate in the air. Physical and cellular barriers of the respiratory tract mucosal surface utilize a variety of strategies to obstruct microbe entry. Physical barrier defenses including the surface fluid replete with antimicrobials, neutralizing immunoglobulins, mucus, and the epithelial cell layer with rapidly beating cilia form a near impenetrable wall that separates the external environment from the internal soft tissue of the host. Resident leukocytes, primarily of the innate immune branch, also maintain airway integrity by constant surveillance and the maintenance of homeostasis through the release of cytokines and growth factors. Unfortunately, pathogens such as influenza virus and Streptococcus pneumoniae require hosts for their replication and dissemination, and prey on the respiratory tract as an ideal environment causing severe damage to the host during their invasion. In this review, we outline the host-pathogen interactions during influenza and post-influenza bacterial pneumonia with a focus on interand intra-cellular crosstalk important in pulmonary immune responses.

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The Dual Nature of Type I and Type II Interferons

Cited by 536 publications

References 99 publications

Effect of Herbal Formulation on Immune Response Enhancement in RAW 264.7 Macrophages

Effect of Herbal Formulation on Immune Response Enhancement in RAW 264.7 Macrophages

Immune responses against enterovirus A71 infection: Implications for vaccine success

Respiratory Barrier as a Safeguard and Regulator of Defense Against Influenza A Virus and Streptococcus pneumoniae

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