The dual role of regulatory T cells in hepatitis B virus infection and related hepatocellular carcinoma

Abstract

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents a significant global cause of cancer-related mortality. Hepatitis B virus (HBV)infection is a major etiologic factor leading to HCC. While noteworthy progress has been made in managing HBV replication, achieving a cure for HBV-related HCC (HBV-HCC) remains challenging, and the overall survival outcome for HCC remains suboptimal. HBV persistence is attributed to a myriad of mechanisms, encompassing both innate and adaptive immune responses. Regulatory T cells(Tregs) are pivotal in upholding immune tolerance and modulating excessive immune activation. During HBV infection, Tregs mediate specific T cell suppression, thereby contributing to both persistent infection and the mitigation of liver inflammatory responses. Studies have demonstrated an augmented expression of circulating and intrahepatic Tregs in HBV-HCC, which correlates with impaired CD8 T cells function. Consequently, Tregs play a dual role in the context of HBV infection and the progression of HBV-HCC. In this comprehensive review, we discuss pertinent studies concerning Tregs in HBV infection, HBV-related cirrhosis and HCC. Furthermore, we provide valuable treatment strategies pertinent to liver cancer management.

Deciphering the role of KLRB1: a novel prognostic indicator in hepatocellular carcinoma

“…CD8 + T cells and NK cells are capable of directly identifying and eliminating tumors, while CD4 + T cells contribute indirectly by producing cytokines like interferon-gamma(IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-a), thus participating in anti-tumor immune responses. However, in the context of HCC, tumor cells can employ various strategies to evade immune attacks, including suppressing T cell activity, diminishing NK cell function, and inducing an increase in immunosuppressive cells [12,13]. Consequently, this promotes tumor growth and metastasis.…”