The dual role of the context in postpeak performance decrements resulting from extended training

Urcelay, Gonzalo P.; Witnauer, James E.; Miller, Ralph R.

doi:10.3758/s13420-012-0068-4

Cited by 17 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 51 publications

(96 reference statements)

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“…Yet it is noteworthy that, despite this, the US still had an effect on responding to the CS. This is consistent with other data from our laboratory indicating that the magnitude of conditioned responding is relatively weak after large numbers (50) of trials (i.e., the overtraining effect; Urcelay, Witnauer, & Miller, 2010). Moreover, overall levels of suppression were weak in the present studies, which is consistent with our interpretation of low levels of suppression as being due to overtraining.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 94%

Two components of responding in Pavlovian lick suppression

2011

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The present research examined the temporal distribution of responding in a lick suppression paradigm. In Experiment 1, rats were trained with either a 30-or a 120-s conditioned stimulus (CS), which was followed either by a footshock (unconditioned stimulus [US]) or nothing. Licking during the CS was suppressed only in the former condition. Suppression was more pronounced early in the CS. In Experiment 2, rats were exposed to two 30-s or two 120-s CSs, with delivery of the shock being contingent on CS1 for half of the animals and on CS2 for the other half. For both the paired and the unpaired conditions, suppression at the beginning of CS1 was observed for all the groups. By discounting the possibility of generalization between CS1 and CS2, it appears that this initial suppression was not a conditioned response to the CS, but an unconditioned one due to mere exposure to the shock US.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 94%

Two components of responding in Pavlovian lick suppression

2011

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“…Consistent with this assumption, contextual cues continued to moderate the evaluative response that was elicited by a given target even when the contextual cues became subsequently associated with a particular valence by virtue of repeated pairings with positive or negative stimuli. In fact, our results showed that contextual cues that independently acquired a particular valence can have two distinct effects on evaluative responses (see also Urcelay, Witnauer, & Miller, 2012). First, they can influence the evaluative response that is elicited by an object within that context independent of their own valence (moderating effect).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 58%

Formation, representation, and activation of contextualized attitudes

Gawronski

Rydell

et al. 2014

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

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The pervasiveness of context effects on evaluative responses has led to conflicting views as to whether evaluations reflect stable attitudinal representations that are directly retrieved from memory or online constructions on the basis of momentarily accessible attributes. The current research expands on this debate by investigating the formation, representation, and activation of contextualized attitudes, with a particular focus on the role of incidental visual cues of the environmental context. Five experiments demonstrated that (1) incidental visual cues tend to be integrated into the representation of attitudeincongruent, but not attitude-congruent, information; (2) these cues are not directly associated with the valence of counterattitudinal experiences, but instead constrain the activation of available information about the attitude object; (3) the modulating function of these cues remains intact even when they become directly associated with an evaluative response; (4) contextualized representations of counterattitudinal information can be activated by contexts that are either perceptually or conceptually similar to the context in which the counterattitudinal experience took place. Implications for context effects and attitude change are discussed.

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“…Evidence dating back to Pavlov suggests that excitation also may dissipate (see also Urcelay Witnauer, & Miller, 2012). However, in our experiment, because the S 10 occurred relatively infrequently as compared to the S 0 there may not have been sufficient opportunity for excitation to dissipate.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Suboptimal choice by pigeons may result from the diminishing effect of nonreinforcement.

Laude

Stagner

Zentall

2014

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cogniti

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Pigeons prefer an alternative that provides them with a stimulus 20% of the time that predicts 10 pellets of food and a different stimulus 80% of the time that predicts 0 pellets, over an alternative that provides them with a stimulus that always predicts 3 pellets of food, even though the preferred alternative provides them with considerably less food. It appears that the stimulus that predicts 10 pellets acts as a strong conditioned reinforcer, in spite of the fact that the stimulus that predicts 0 pellets occurs four times as often. In the present research we tested the hypothesis that early in training conditioned inhibition develops to the 0-pellet stimulus but later in training it dissipates. We trained pigeons with a hue as the 10-pellet stimulus and a vertical line as the 0-pellet stimulus. To assess the inhibitory value of the vertical line, we compared responding to the 10-pellet hue to responding to the compound of the 10-pellet hue and the vertical line early in training and once again late in training, using both a within subject design (Experiment 1) and a between groups design (Experiment 2) and found that there was a significant reduction in inhibition between the Early test (when pigeons chose optimally) and Late test (when choice was suboptimal). Thus, the increase in suboptimal choice may result from the decline in inhibition to the 0-pellet stimulus. Implications for human gambling behavior are considered.

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The dual role of the context in postpeak performance decrements resulting from extended training

Cited by 17 publications

References 51 publications

Two components of responding in Pavlovian lick suppression

Two components of responding in Pavlovian lick suppression

Formation, representation, and activation of contextualized attitudes

Suboptimal choice by pigeons may result from the diminishing effect of nonreinforcement.

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