“…That is, instances of stuttering exhibited by CWS tend to occur on (a) low frequency words (Anderson, 2005;Soderberg, 1966;Palen & Peterson, 1982), (b) first three words of an utterance (Bernstein, 1981;Howell & Au-Yeung, 1995;Wall, Starkweather, & Cairns, 1981), (c) function words (Bernstein, 1981;Bloodstein & Grossman, 1981;Graham, Conture, & Camarata, 2005;Howell, Au-Yeung, & Sackin, 1999;Natke, Sandreiser, van Ark, Pietrowsky, & Kalveram, 2004), and (d) longer or more syntactically complex utterances (Ratner & Sih, 1987;Howell & Au-Yeung, 1995;Kadi-Hanifi & Howell, 1992;Logan & Conture, 1995Melnick & Conture, 2000;Yaruss, 1999). These linguistic factors have also been shown to influence the fluency with which words are produced in adolescents and adults who stutter (e.g., Bergmann, 1986;Brown, 1945;Danzger & Halpern, 1973;Hubbard & Prins, 1994;Klouda & Cooper, 1988;Natke, Grosser, Sandrieser, & Kalveram, 2002;Prins, Hubbard, & Krause, 1991;Ronson, 1976;Wingate, 1984). However, unlike young CWS, older children and adults tend to stutter more on content words than function words (e.g., Brown, 1938a,b;Dayalu, Kalinowski, Stuart, Holbert, & Rastatter, 2002;Howell et al, 1999).…”