The Dutch wars of independence: warfare and commerce in the Netherlands, 1570-1680

For the past thirty years there has been an ongoing debate regarding the nature of the Early Modern European Military Revolution. Much of this debate centers around whether the military and technological changes which are at the heart of the military revolution created the conditions for the bureaucratic systems of the modern nation state, or if those bureaucratic systems made possible the creation of larger, state sponsored armies and navies, as well as when these changes took place. Instead of focusing on what came first, the chicken or the egg, this thesis explores one aspect of the Military Revolution, focusing on the works of Sebastian le Prestre de Vauban who invented the socket bayonet, refined and systematized the practice of siege warfare, and emphasized the importance of the lives of his men. These changes are fundamental to understanding not only how wars were fought, but also how war affected those that fought them during this pivotal period of European history. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS

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Civil Rights and Political Participation in Ancien Régime Europe

Blockmans¹

2020

Vestnik SPbSU. History

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After the Second World War, a wave of euphoria fostered an international consensus that led to the creation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the European Treaty for Human Rights, and institutions safeguarding their application. In the early 21st century, however, these great ideals and even parliamentary democracy appear to be open to various forms of manipulation tending to the restriction of its own constitutional rights and functions. This paper retraces the long-term genesis of these concepts which emerged in the course of a centuries-long development that is uniquely European. A constant tension can be observed between the difficult formulation of fundamental rights of subjects, originally on a local and regional basis, and the effectiveness of the institutions created to control governments. The growth of cities, which acquired various levels of autonomy and autarchy, was fundamental to make it possible that immunities and particular privileges similar to those of clerics and aristocrats were extended to the new communities. The periods of urban growth, and the density of cities within particular territories, determined which balance of powers was stabilised. The earliest and most intense wave of urbanisation, in North and Central Italy from the 10th to the 13th century, brought civil rights and privileges for local communes, but also domination of the largest cities as they absorbed or eliminated all potentially countervailing powers. In other regions, various balances were attained between the prevailing seigneurial interests and those of urban communities.

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The Dutch wars of independence: warfare and commerce in the Netherlands, 1570-1680

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Conflict and Climate Change

Conflict and Climate Change

Vauban in the Wilderness: The MIlitary Revolution and the Seven Years' War in North America

Civil Rights and Political Participation in Ancien Régime Europe

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