The dynamic observation of the field emission site of electrons on a carbon nanotube tip

Application of the Sliding-Mode Controller to Optical Disk Drives

“…As it can be seen, there is a strong dependence of the current when the separation is smaller than 100 nm and then the current is stabilized for the rest of the range. This trend is to be expected as the anode strongly influences the vacuum barrier at the tip of the CNT when it is brought into the close neighbourhood, a fact that is in good agreement with a number of experiments [43,44].…”

“…Such experiments have already been performed previously [43][44][45][46][47][48][49], in various arrangements and for a wide range of separation distances. Our model allows for consideration of a continuous range of tip to anode separations and the study of the FE process for the more delicate situations where the magnitude of the barrier is affected by the position of the anode itself.…”

Combining Scanning Probe Microscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy

“…The force was extracted using Hooke's law, F D kd, where k is the spring constant of the cantilever, d is the deflection of the cantilever, and F is the force. This configuration has been used to study the mechanical properties of single carbon nanotubes [51][52][53]98], welded gold nanowires [99], and the initial contact and adhesion forces in a gold nanocontact [100]. Figure 3.13 shows TEM images of a gold nanocontact experiment and the force measured [100].…”

“…In situ TEM probing of field emission was first studied by Wang et al [6,7,31] and Kuzumaki et al [51][52][53], which revealed the structural change of the electron emitting carbon nanotubes. Cumings et al [54] performed electron holography of field-emitting carbon nanotubes to determine the magnitude and spatial distribution of the electric field surrounding the tubes.…”

Broadband Terahertz Source Based on Photomixing in Laser-Assisted Field Emission with Clusters of Carbon Nanotubes

“…Careful measurements with individual CNT have shown that the field enhancement factor and work function varies with the structure of the CNT and its surface conditions (Xu et al, 2005). Other measurements with single CNT have shown that field emission is affected by irregularities in the structure of the graphitic sheets , and time-dependent deformations due to reconstruction at the apex increase the electric field at specific sites which are where the field emission occurs (Kuzumaki et al, 2004). Therefore, we chose to begin our studies LAFE with tubes having individual CNT as the emitters.…”