The dynamics and implications of residential segregation in Nairobi

Production of Hegemony and Production of Space in Nairobi

“…The segregationist character of colonial urban policies left an indelible mark (Charton-Bigot and Rodriguez-Torres, 2006 ;K'akumu and Olima, 2007) 16 Founded as a the transit and administration centre for the Uganda Railway in 1899, Nairobi was transformed to serve the colonial regime and the European settlers as the capital of the British East Africa Protectorate ; the 'racial tripartition', imprinted at the origins, was then consolidated. The European established their home on the hills (in the west and north-west quadrants of the city), the Asian settled mainly in the north and east and the African employee were confined in the 'native areas' in the east.…”

“…The high-income neighborhoods are concentrated in the western and higher lands, once occupied by the Europeans and now inhabited by the national élite and expatriates. The socio-economic space of maintained roads, abundant and well-manicured green spaces, mansions in colonial style, modern residential estates, eclectic shopping malls, recreational villages and sport clubs -all rigorously gated -is capitalist and culturally western and are the expression of a "voluntary segregation" (K'akumu, and Olima, 2007). Western concepts of space and social organization are also found in the CBD, where both the colonial past and modernism have left tangible signs.…”

The water and land footprints of meat and milk production and consumption in Kenya: implications for sustainability and food security

“…Nairobi City is highly segmented, with pockets of affluent neighbourhoods, with people spending at least 50 US dollars a day, surrounded by informal settlements dominated by urbanites living at, or below, the poverty line and spending about two dollars a day (Syagga et al 2001, K'Akumu andOlima 2007). This wealth inequality is reflected in the consumption of livestock products, with the poor households consuming far lower levels than their affluent counterparts (Gamba 2005).…”

Gated-Communities in South Africa’s Urban Areas 20 Years into Democracy: Old Wine in Newly Designed Bottles?

“…The apartheid urban settlement planning model influenced the allocation of resources amongst and segregated the White, Black, Coloured and Indian populations in South Africa prior to 1994 (Davies, 1981;Simon, 1986;Massey, Condran & Denton, 1987;Christopher, 1989Christopher, , 1990Christopher, , 1995Christopher, , 1997Christopher, , 2004Freund, 2001;Charles, 2003;Oldfield, 2004;Donaldson & Kotze, 2006;Lemanski, 2006;K'Akumu & Olima, 2007). In order to address the negative consequences of the apartheid urban settlement planning model, post 1994 there has been a number of spatial initiatives with the intension to integrate the segregated populations especially in the same urban settlements (Christopher, 2004;Donaldson & Kotze, 2006;Lemanski, 2006;K'Akumu & Olima, 2007).…”

“…In order to address the negative consequences of the apartheid urban settlement planning model, post 1994 there has been a number of spatial initiatives with the intension to integrate the segregated populations especially in the same urban settlements (Christopher, 2004;Donaldson & Kotze, 2006;Lemanski, 2006;K'Akumu & Olima, 2007). However, South Africa's current land and housing market in towns and cities currently function in a class-based segregated set-up thereby limiting the poor from accessing most amenities, services and infrastructure (K'Akumu & Olima, 2007;Ramoroka, 2013a). The popularly known settlement planning model dominant in South Africa's towns and cities which uses class as a decisive factor is the gated-community (Mabin & Smit, 1997;Firman, 2000;Landman, 2002;Leisch, 2002, Borsdorf & Hidalgo, 2008Tanulku, 2012;Pacione, 2013;Ramoroka, 2013a).…”