The Dynamics of a Field Population of the Pine Looper, Bupalus piniarius L.(Lep., Geom.)

Klomp, H.

doi:10.1016/s0065-2504(08)60312-8

Cited by 146 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…This affects the fecundity of the adults that emerge: adults that emerge from large pupae have higher fecundity (Klomp 1966(Klomp , 1968. In turn, pupal mass is a declining function of the density of young larvae earlier that year (Klomp 1966). This collapses into a form of direct density dependence, which would not generate long-period cycles.…”

Section: T1 T2 T3 Tmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some additional details are in Appendix A. All of the models assume that direct density-dependent population regulation acts during Bupalus larval survival, as this is the stage where Klomp (1966) found most of the important density dependence in his k-factor analysis. Each model adds to this a single form of delayed density dependence.…”

Section: Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Our model for maternal effects is based on the work of Klomp (1966Klomp ( , 1968. Because these studies are from the Netherlands while our population time series are from the United Kingdom, we use Klomp's results to derive the form of the model but not to estimate or constrain the numerical values of any parameters.…”

Section: Maternal Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At peak densities, the insect can completely defoliate the trees; while the trees survive, their growth in reduced, and Bupalus outbreaks are of concern to foresters. The life history and ecology of the insect has been studied extensively and in great detail, including two long-term life table studies (Klomp 1966, Broekhuizen et al 1994) and a number of short-term behavioral experiments , 1971, Š mits and Larsson 1999, Š mits et al 2001). These studies have documented strong evidence (summarized in The data: Possible causal mechanisms) for three of the above-mentioned processes: interactions with parasitoids, maternal effects on offspring quality, and reduced food quality in the wake of defoliation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Population Cycles in the Pine Looper Moth: Dynamical Tests of Mechanistic Hypotheses

Kendall

Ellner

McCauley

et al. 2005

Ecological Monographs

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Abstract. The forest insect pest Bupalus piniarius (pine looper moth) is a classic example of a natural population cycle. As is typical for populations that exhibit regular oscillations in density, there are several biological mechanisms that are hypothesized to be responsible for the cycles; but despite several decades of detailed study there has been no definite conclusion as to which mechanism is most important. We evaluated three hypotheses for which there was direct experimental evidence: (1) food quality (nutritional value of pine needles affected by defoliation); (2) parasitoids (trophic interactions with specialist parasitoids); and (3) maternal effects (maternal body size affects the performance of offspring). We reviewed the empirical evidence for each of these hypotheses and expressed each hypothesis in the form of a mechanistic dynamic model. We used a nonlinear forecasting approach to fit each model to three long-term population time series in Britain that exhibit some degree of regular cycling, and we used parametric bootstrap to evaluate the significance of differences between models in their goodness of fit to the data. The results differed among the three forests: at Culbin, the parasitoid and maternal effects models fit equally well; at Roseisle, the food quality and maternal effects models fit equally well; and at Tentsmuir, the parasitoid model fit best. However, the best-fit parasitism models required that the parasitism rate vary between nearly 0 and nearly 1 during a cycle, greatly exceeding the range of parasitism rates that have been observed in the field. In contrast, the required variation in the observable maternal quality variable (pupal mass) was within the range of empirical observations. Under mild constraints on the parasitism rate (though allowing a much wider range than has been measured in B. piniarius at any location), the fit of the parasitism model fell off dramatically. The maternal effects model then had uniformly strong support, outperforming the constrained parasitism model at all three sites and the food quality model at two; it performed slightly better than the food quality model at the remaining site. This represents the first system in which the maternal effects hypothesis for population cycles has been supported by both strong biological and dynamical evidence.

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Section: T1 T2 T3 Tmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Maternal Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Population Cycles in the Pine Looper Moth: Dynamical Tests of Mechanistic Hypotheses

Kendall

Ellner

McCauley

et al. 2005

Ecological Monographs

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“…High parasitism rates are observed one to two years after peak B. piniarius densities (Barbour, 1988). Nevertheless, the contribution of natural enemies to overall generation mortality at endemic levels is considered to be weak (Klomp, 1966). Factors causing population decline are acting mainly at larval and egg stages (Royama, 1997).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance of pine looper Bupalus piniarius larvae under population build‐up conditions

Smits

2002

Entomologia Exp Applicata

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In the first year of an outbreak, Bupalus piniarius larvae, encounter intense crowding. In the later stages of larval development, they are forced to feed on the non-preferred current-year needles of Scots pine or even on alternative hosts. It was hypothesized that larval feeding on a non-preferred resource (current-year needles) will negatively affect B. piniarius performance. It was also hypothesized that larval mutual interference (crowding without competition for food) will have negative additive effects. These hypotheses were tested in laboratory and field experiments. Fourth instar larvae were reared singly and under crowded conditions in cohorts of ten. Larvae in both situations were reared on control branches (containing both mature and current-year shoots) and branches containing only current-year shoots. Crowded larvae were reared also on Norway spruce, an alternative host. Crowding and feeding on a non-preferred resource had opposite effects on B. piniarius larval performance. Crowding in the late larval instars enhanced larval performance while absence of the preferred resource had negative effects. Larval growth rate was higher and development time was shorter for larvae exposed to crowded conditions than for solitary larvae. There was, however, no difference between the groups in final pupal weights or survival. Survival was 25% lower for larvae feeding on non-preferred current-year needles and pupal weights 9% lower, compared with results for larvae feeding on mature needles. Larvae feeding on Norway spruce suffered greatly extended development time, 82% lower survival, and resulted in 60% lighter pupae compared with conspecifics on Scots pine. It was concluded that not only quantity but also quality of the available food resource is critical for B. piniarius development.

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References

2017

Forest Insect Population Dynamics, Outbreaks, and Global Warming Effects

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The Dynamics of a Field Population of the Pine Looper, Bupalus piniarius L.(Lep., Geom.)

Cited by 146 publications

References 23 publications

Population Cycles in the Pine Looper Moth: Dynamical Tests of Mechanistic Hypotheses

Population Cycles in the Pine Looper Moth: Dynamical Tests of Mechanistic Hypotheses

Performance of pine looper Bupalus piniarius larvae under population build‐up conditions

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