The Dynamics of Closedness in Networks

Self-organization in urban development: towards a new perspective on spatial planning

“…Despite all these changes, government administrations do not seem to be very open to initiatives that emerge from the dynamics of civil society itself. The call for more co-operation between government agencies, entrepreneurs and citizens thus merely results in a kind of advocacy planning, while government agencies expect the participating actors to execute government policies in the way these were broadly outlined before hand (Schaap and Van Twist 1997). Although the intentions behind government-led participation can be described as 'noble', many examples indicate that it does not work, partly because of the government's failure to accept its outcomes or to transfer it to legitimate policy actions (cf.…”

“…2. No distinction is made here between a social and a political interpretation of 'self-organization' because in social sciences or public administration sciences, the tasks of explaining society and defining political projects (for instance by Durkheim) or empirical research and normative prescriptions (Schaap 1997) are often merged.…”

Rebuilding higher education institutions in post-conflict contexts: Policy networks, process, perceptions, & patterns

“…Often actors become fixated on particular perceptions of the field that prevent forward momentum in the process (Termeer and Koppenjan, 1997). These perceptions become embedded, contributing to the social and psychological exclusion of actors in the field (Schaap and van Twist, 1999). Perceptions of insecurity were dominant in many participants' narratives.…”

“…Policy actors must be able and/or willing to perceive the reality of a situation (Schaap and van Twist, 1999). To some degree, the Ministry appeared unwilling to either perceive the nature of the campus after the conflict or allow that reality to play a role in their decision-making.…”

Networks : structure and action : steering in and steering by policy networks

“…The second cycle literature generally distinguishes between one management strategy labelled game management, and the other labelled institutional design (e.g. Kickert, Klijn, & Koppenjan, 1997a;Kickert, Klijn, & Koppenjan, 1997b;Klijn, 2005;Klijn & Edelenbos, 2007;Klijn & Koppenjan, 2006;Klijn & Teisman, 1997;Schaap & Twist, 1997;Skelcher et al, 2006;Sørensen & Torfing, 2007a). This section first presents the conceptual basis upon which the distinction is made, then elaborates upon the two distinct management strategies.…”