The dynamics of hummingbird dominance and foraging strategies during the winter season in a highland community in Western Mexico

Abstract

Coexistence between ecologically similar species can promote competition for resources. Hummingbirds (Aves: Trochilidae) are nectarivorous birds that usually coexist in sympatry, and visit flowers using different foraging behaviors and levels of aggressiveness as a strategy to diminish resource competition. Here, we describe the dynamics in territorial and dominance behaviors in a hummingbird community inhabiting a highland during winter in Western Mexico. We explored in natural conditions how foraging strategies and dominance status of the hummingbirds was influenced by community species composition, sex, age and size of the individuals, floral abundance, and nectar resource availability. The community studied was composed of 11 species (four residents, three altitudinal migrants, three latitudinal migrants), and all possible combinations of dominance and territoriality were found. Differences in the dominance status and foraging behavior were related to the species, sex, age and body size of the individuals, as well as the number of flowers in the patches, and the abundance of the migratory species over time. The aggressive and territorial species preferred the places with more flowers, and started the majority of the interactions attacking even birds that did not visited the flowers. The subordinate non‐territorial hummingbirds visited floral patches of different sizes, did not start aggressive interactions and when they were involved in one, this occurred during their visits to the territorial hummingbird's flowers. Hummingbird dominance changed during the winter and at the end of the season, when the latitudinal migrant species left our study site, the resident species were more abundant, dominant and territorial. Dominance status and foraging behavior, together with floral preferences and the spatial distribution of nectar resources, acted as mechanisms organizing this hummingbird community.

The role of size and dominance in the feeding behaviour of coexisting hummingbirds

“…Finally, we did not find a relationship between migratory status and the dominance of hummingbird species, unlike previous studies (Des Granges , Rodríguez‐Flores & Arizmendi ). Migratory hummingbird species in North America are small and tend to be subordinate to resident and local migratory hummingbirds (Des Ganges ).…”

“…Migratory hummingbird species in North America are small and tend to be subordinate to resident and local migratory hummingbirds (Des Ganges ). However, migrants can also be dominant depending on local abundance of other hummingbirds and resource availability and this can change even on a daily basis (Rodríguez‐Flores & Arizmendi ).…”

“…Thus, floral abundance and nectar resource availability can directly influence the aggressive behaviour of hummingbirds (Justino et al . , Rodríguez‐Flores & Arizmendi ).…”

“…), higher wing disc loading (Feinsinger & Chaplin , Kodric‐Brown & Brown , Carpenter et al . ) and migratory status (Des Granges , Rodríguez‐Flores & Arizmendi ). Des Granges () defined the dominance hierarchy of the hummingbird community as the species at the top of the hierarchy that wins most of their interspecific chases while the species at the bottom lose most chases.…”

Coexistence among morphologically similar hummingbird species is promoted via density compensation in a Mexican temperate forest

“…To date, studies conducted in these environments across the country indicate that hummingbird ensembles are dynamic, with the presence of resident and migratory species usually overlapping in their use of floral resources, and where territorial behavior and body size are initially the main indicators of competitive dominance (Lyon, ; Lara, ; Ortiz‐Pulido & Vargas‐Licona, ; Mendiola‐Islas, Lara, Corcuera, & Valverde, ; Rodríguez‐Flores & Arizmendi, ; López‐Segoviano, Arenas‐Navarro, Vega, & Arizmendi, ; López‐Segoviano, Bribiesca, & Arizmend, ). Given the morphological homogeneity of hummingbird species present in these environments, the mechanisms of coexistence evaluated to date have primarily focused on foraging behavior patterns (Lara et al, ; Márquez‐Luna, Lara, & Ortiz‐Pulido, ; Rodríguez‐Flores & Arizmendi, ). However, the effects of the population abundances of hummingbird species as a mediating force of competition in particular environments have not been previously explored.…”