The ABC transporter ABCG1 regulates intracellular cholesterol. We showed previously that ABCG1 deficiency inhibits insulin secretion by pancreatic beta cells and, based on its immunolocalization to insulin granules, proposed its essential role in forming cholesterolenriched granule membranes. While we confirm elsewhere that ABCG1, alongside ABCA1 and oxysterol binding protein OSBP, supports insulin granule formation, the aim here is to update our localization and to provide added insight regarding ABCG1's trafficking and sites of function. We show that stably expressed GFP-tagged ABCG1 closely mimics the distribution of endogenous ABCG1 in pancreatic INS1 cells and accumulates in the trans-Golgi network (TGN), endosomal recycling compartment (ERC) and on the cell surface but not on insulin granules, early or late endosomes. Notably, ABCG1 is short-lived, and proteasomal and lysosomal inhibitors both decrease its degradation. Following blockade of protein synthesis, GFP-ABCG1 first disappears from the ER and TGN and later from the ERC and plasma membrane. Beyond aiding granule formation, our findings raise the prospect that ABCG1 may act beyond the TGN to regulate activities involving the endocytic pathway, especially as the amount of transferrin receptor is increased in ABCG1-deficient cells. Thus, ABCG1 may function at multiple intracellular sites and the plasma membrane as a roving sensor and modulator of cholesterol distribution and membrane trafficking. Running Title: Distribution and itinerant roles of ABCG1 1 Introduction 2 3In eukaryotic cells, the ATP Binding Cassette (ABC) transporters ABCA1 and ABCG1 4 are known to promote cholesterol export from cells and have been of substantial interest due to 5 their complementary roles alongside cholesterol uptake, biosynthesis and storage in maintaining 6 intracellular cholesterol homeostasis [1,2]. While these transporters are broadly expressed, their 7 levels are amplified in cells, e.g., macrophages and type-2 pneumocytes that are specialized for 8 processing and exporting lipids including cholesterol physiologically [3][4][5], and a major focus in 9 studying their actions has been on the mechanisms and pathways they use to transfer 10 cholesterol to plasma lipoproteins (reviewed in [6]). Several studies have also highlighted the 11 ability of ABCA1 and ABCG1 to promote cholesterol esterification and storage under conditions 12 that preclude cholesterol export [7][8][9] and to regulate processes that do not obviously relate 13 directly to either cholesterol export or storage including organization of plasma membrane lipids 14 (ABCA1: [10,11]), proliferation of immune and hematopoietic cells (ABCG1: [12][13][14]), and insulin 15 secretion (ABCs A1 and G1: [15][16][17][18]). ABCG1 has not been studied as extensively as ABCA1, 16 which gained early and enduring attention due to the link between its deficiency and Tangier 17 disease, where intracellullar cholesterol levels are increased and plasma levels of high density 18 lipoprotein are dramatically decreased [19...