The Early History of the Levant Company

Abstract

Geschichie des Levantehandels im Mittelalter (1879) Band I. Vorwort, page vi. Rogers : History of Prices, I. p. 147 ; Cunningham : The Growth of English Industry and Commerce, I. p. 184. 2 Schanz : Englische Handelspolitik, I. pp. 111-130. 2 THE EARLY HISTORY OF were sufficiently numerous to be under the government of their own Consul.' The chief intercourse between England and Venice was carried on by a small fleet of trading vessels called the ** Flanders Galleys."* These galleys brought a variety of merchandise to England^which may be classed under two heads. First, there were the costly spices, and secondly, the more general articles of Eastern product and Venetian industry. The Italians distinguished between spices proper or " gross-spice " and the drugs or " small-spice." ® Gross-spice included gingers, cinnamon, pepper, cloves, nutmegs, red sandal-wood, camphor and many other drugs ; while under small-spice such things as rhubarb from Persia, aloes, dates, sugar, currants, prunes, malmsies and Tyrian wine were understood. The whole of the spice trade was enormously lucrative, though 3 V. S. P. I. Preface, p. 59. * For an account of these Galleys and the regulations which were made concerning them, see Venetian State Papers, I. Preface, p. 61 ff. 5 V. S. P. I. Preface 135 ff. and Rogers : History of Prices, iv. chapter 23. « F. 5. P. I. Preface, p. 137. ' Compare Statutes of the Realm, y°Hen. VII, chapter 7, preamble. 8 y°Henry VH, cap. 7.

Trading with strangers: the corporate form in the move from municipal governance to overseas trade

“…But eventually its main business was whaling and fur trade. The Levant Company (Turkey Company) was formed in 1581 for trade with Turkey and the Eastern Mediterranean (Wood 1964, Epstein 1908, Braudel 1982. The Levant Companies traded with Asian goods but its business model was outdated by the time it was formed.…”

Conversion Narratives and the Roman Inquisition in Malta, 1650–1700

“…To save their necks, they adopted several strategies. Most, of course, presented their case as part of a survival strategy, 74 and stressed that they had been subjected to ill-treatment: "Hussein kept me in chains and did not give me enough to eat" 75 ; "my master put me in prison for four months and I was unable to suffer any more." 76 In 1658 Vito, a Greek from Zara, recounted to Inquisitor degli Oddi that his master tied him to a tree in the courtyard for eighteen continuous days, exposed to the wind and rain in the last days of December.…”

A Methodological Debate in the Ottoman Period: Cabizade Halil Faiz Efendi (d. 1134/1722) and His al-Kalimāt al-uṣūliyya

“…29; Yörür, "Câbîzâde Halîl Fâ'izEfendi'nin Râmî Mehmed Paşa'ya Sunduğu Bahâriyye'si", s. 201-10; Kıyçak, "Câbî-zâde Halîl Fâ'iz'in Türkçe Şiirleri", s. 1862-1908 İhsanoğlu v.dğr., Osmanlı Astronomi Literatürü Tarihi, I, 392-94; İhsanoğlu v.dğr., Osmanlı Matematik Literatürü Tarihi, I, 168-69; İhsanoğlu v.dğr., Osmanlı Astroloji Literatürü Tarihi, I, 340. 15 Yılmaz, "Tütün"; tütünün bir ilaç olarak tanıtılması hakkında bk.Nablusî, es-Sulh, s. 46-58; Yılmaz, "Tütün"; Grehan, "Smoking and 'Early Modern' Sociability", s. 1354-56).…”