The early history of the scanning electron microscope

Oatley, C.W.

doi:10.1063/1.331666

Cited by 98 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…The combined effect of secondary and field-emission is also possible through electron-stimulated field-emission [32,33], where electrons strike the tip of a nanoscale emitter under a strong applied field, leading to highly enhanced emission of further electrons. An applied electric field can also affect the emission and trajectories of secondary electrons emitted from a cathode, enabling voltage-contrast imaging in electron microscopy [34][35][36]. Finally, it is only natural to expect that more than two stimuli can also be employed, as in combining several of field, light, heat, and primary energetic particles all at once, to induce electron emission.…”

Section: Sourcementioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon Nanotube Electron Sources: From Electron Beams to Energy Conversion and Optophononics

Nojeh

2014

ISRN Nanomaterials

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Carbon nanotubes have a host of properties that make them excellent candidates for electron emitters. A significant amount of research has been conducted on nanotube-based field-emitters over the past two decades, and they have been investigated for devices ranging from flat-panel displays to vacuum tubes and electron microscopes. Other electron emission mechanisms from carbon nanotubes, such as photoemission, secondary emission, and thermionic emission, have also been studied, although to a lesser degree than field-emission. This paper presents an overview of the topic, with emphasis on these less-explored mechanisms, although field-emission is also discussed. We will see that not only is electron emission from nanotubes promising for electronsource applications, but also its study could reveal unusual phenomena and open the door to new devices that are not directly related to electron beams.

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Section: Sourcementioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon Nanotube Electron Sources: From Electron Beams to Energy Conversion and Optophononics

Nojeh

2014

ISRN Nanomaterials

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“…The different types of electron scattering (backscattered, secondary, and Auger electrons) are the basis of most electron microscopy methods [12]. The widespread use of SEM became possible after 1958, when researchers from Cambridge (UK) built the first commercial prototype [13]. The typical primary electron beam used in a SEM is of 1-30 kV, with a beam current of 1 pA to 20 nA that can be focused in about 2-100-nm spot size, depending on the emitter source [14,15].…”

Section: Scanning Electron Microscopy (Sem)mentioning

confidence: 99%

How to Characterize Cylindrical Magnetic Nanowires

Béron¹,

Santos²,

deCarvalho³

et al. 2016

Magnetic Materials

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Cylindrical magnetic nanowires made through the help of nanoporous alumina templates are being fabricated and characterized since the beginning of 2000. They are still actively investigated nowadays, mainly due to their various promising applications, ranging from high-density magnetic recording to high-frequency devices, passing by sensors, and biomedical applications. They also represent suitable systems in order to study the dimensionality effects on a given material. With time, the development in fabrication techniques allowed to increase the obtained nanowire complexity (controlled crystallinity, modulated composition and/or geometry, range of materials, etc.), while the improvements in nanomanipulation permitted to fabricate system based either on arrays or on single nanowires. On the other side, their increased complexity requires specific physical characterization methods, due to their particular features such as high anisotropy, small magnetic volume, dipolar interaction field between them, and interesting electronic properties. The aim of this chapter was to offer an ample overview of the magnetic, electric, and physical characterization techniques that are suitable for cylindrical magnetic nanowire investigation, of what is the specific care that one needs to take into account and which information will be extracted, with typical and varied examples.

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“…He later wrote a number of accounts of the development of the instrument [1,5], in which the work of his predecessors was, characteristically, praised above his own: "Von Ardenne was the true father of the scanning …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In his own words, "The design and construction work would provide an excellent training in research; we should learn a great deal about the practical side of electron optics, which would be useful in other projects; and we should certainly end up with a microscope which gave results of some kind, which might or might not justify further work. I decided to go ahead" [1]. A succession of research students, the first of whom -Dennis McMullan -has written about Sir Charles for Nature [2], advanced the project to the point at which the Stereoscan reached the market.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%