The early ice making systems in the nineteenth century

Reif-Acherman, Simón

doi:10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2012.03.003

Cited by 11 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 8 publications

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“…Big ice blocks were used to cool the milk chamber in the ‘weaklings' pavillon' in Paris, the institution in which incubator care was developed [29]. Driven by competition among beer brewers, highly varied systems for producing ice were developed from 1860 to 1890 in Europe and the USA by Gorrie, Harrison, Kirk, Toselli, Windhausen, Linde and many others [30]. Priority fights, patent lawsuits and national historiographies illustrate how capitalism and nationalism exploited scientific progress towards the end of the 19th century.…”

Section: Refrigerationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Technical Inventions That Enabled Artificial Infant Feeding

Obladen

2014

Neonatology

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Artificial feeding of infants, called hand-feeding, was unsafe well into the 19th century. This paper aims to identify technical innovations which made artificial feeding less dangerous. In rapid succession from 1844 to 1886, the vulcanization of rubber, production of rubber teats, cooling machines for large-scale ice production, techniques for milk pasteurization, evaporation and condensation, and packing in closed tins were invented or initiated. Remarkably, most of these inventions preceded the discovery of pathogenic bacteria. The producers of proprietary infant formula made immediate use of these innovations, whereas in the private household artificial feeding remained highly dangerous - mostly because of ignorance about bacteria and hygiene, and partly because the equipment for safe storage, transport, preparation and application of baby food was lacking.

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Section: Refrigerationmentioning

confidence: 99%