The early pathogenesis of foot-and-mouth disease in pigs infected by contact: a quantitative time-course study using TaqMan RT–PCR

Alexandersen, Søren; Oleksiewicz, Martin B.; Donaldson, Alex

doi:10.1099/0022-1317-82-4-747

Cited by 121 publications

(114 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…For context, the adult human body surface area is 1.75 m 2 [28]. 6 Peak skin concentrations are typically coincident (or at most within a single 24 h sampling period) of the development of widespread visible (macroscopic) lesions, typically a few days after the initial infection [35,37,39,40]. FMDV levels in live animal skin tissues significantly decrease after antibodies begin to circulate a few days later.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Considering an animal's skin surface area, a nominal epidermis thickness 4 of 100 mm and an assumed skin density of 1 g cm 23 , the estimated mass of epidermal material shed per day is 2 g for swine and sheep and 10 g for cattle. 5 (b) Animal skin foot and mouth disease virus concentrations While not a typical site for the initial FMDV infection, the skin is a major viral replication site in most animals studied [1,8,[35][36][37][38][39]. Table 1 and electronic supplementary material, table S1 summarize the available literature on swine, cattle and sheep FMDV skin concentrations for the day on which infectious FMDV skin concentrations are highest.…”

Section: Estimating the Shedding Rate Of Foot And Mouth Disease Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Skin as a potential source of infectious foot and mouth disease aerosols

Dillon

2011

Proc. R. Soc. B.

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This review examines whether exfoliated, virus-infected animal skin cells could be an important source of infectious foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) aerosols. Infectious material rafting on skin cell aerosols is an established means of transmitting other diseases. The evidence for a similar mechanism for FMDV is: (i) FMDV is trophic for animal skin and FMDV epidermis titres are high, even in macroscopically normal skin; (ii) estimates for FMDV skin cell aerosol emissions appear consistent with measured aerosol emission rates and are orders of magnitude larger than the minimum infectious dose; (iii) the timing of infectious FMDV aerosol emissions is consistent with the timing of high FMDV skin concentrations; (iv) measured FMDV aerosol sizes are consistent with skin cell aerosols; and (v) FMDV stability in natural aerosols is consistent with that expected for skin cell aerosols. While these findings support the hypothesis, this review is insufficient, in and of itself, to prove the hypothesis and specific follow-on experiments are proposed. If this hypothesis is validated, (i) new FMDV detection, management and decontamination approaches could be developed and (ii) the relevance of skin cells to the spread of viral disease may need to be reassessed as skin cells may protect viruses against otherwise adverse environmental conditions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Estimating the Shedding Rate Of Foot And Mouth Disease Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Skin as a potential source of infectious foot and mouth disease aerosols

Dillon

2011

Proc. R. Soc. B.

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“…Infection with FMD virus leads to viremia, with subsequent dissemination of the virus throughout virtually all tissues of the body, including the genital tract and the skin around the preputial orifice [18]. The viral concentration in semen has been found to be low.…”

Section: Foot and Mouth Disease (Fmd) Virus And Swine Vesicular Diseamentioning

confidence: 99%

Diseases in swine transmitted by artificial insemination: An overview

et al. 2008

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Artificial insemination (AI) of swine is widely practiced in countries with an intensive pig production. It is a very useful tool to introduce superior genes into sow herds, with minimal risk for disease transmission. However, the impact of semen that is contaminated with pathogens can be enormous. Most of the micro-organisms that have been detected in boar semen are considered non-pathogenic, but some are known pathogens (e.g. porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus) that can cause major economic losses. Microbial contamination of semen can be due to systemic and/or urogenital tract infections of the boar, or can occur during collection, processing and storage. It can result in reduced semen quality, embryonic or fetal death, endometritis and systemic infection and/or disease in the recipient female. Conventional techniques for isolation of bacteria and viruses from the semen do not always provide optimal results for various reasons, including lack of sensitivity and speed of testing, and difficult interpretation of the outcome. More recently, PCR tests are commonly used; they have a high sensitivity, the outcome is quickly obtained, and they are suitable for monitoring a large number of samples. The best strategy to prevent AI-transmitted diseases is to use boars that are free of specific pathogens, to monitor the animals and semen regularly, and to maintain very high biosecurity. Additional measures should be directed at treating semen with appropriate antimicrobials, and at reducing contamination during semen collection, processing, and storage. #

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“…MALT may occur as single (isolated) lymphoid nodules (ILF) or as larger aggregates of several lymphoid nodules. 4. The epithelium overlying MALT is severely infiltrated by lymphocytes and thus termed lymphoepithelium (LE).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

MALT structure and function in farm animals

2006

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-Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) is defined as an organized lymphoid tissue in the mucosa that samples antigens. The morphological characteristics that distinguish MALT from lymphoid infiltrates are discussed. MALT has been extensively investigated in laboratory animals, while knowledge in cattle, sheep, goats, pigs and horses that are summarized under the term farm animals in this review is fragmentary. Literature data about the distribution, morphology, function and involvement in infectious diseases of MALT in farm animals are described. The understanding of specific features of MALT in other species than laboratory animals is important for comparative research, in order to understand pathological and immunological processes in the respective species and as a potential route of vaccination of mucosal surfaces.

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The early pathogenesis of foot-and-mouth disease in pigs infected by contact: a quantitative time-course study using TaqMan RT–PCR

Abstract: Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious

Cited by 121 publications

References 31 publications

Skin as a potential source of infectious foot and mouth disease aerosols

Skin as a potential source of infectious foot and mouth disease aerosols

Diseases in swine transmitted by artificial insemination: An overview

MALT structure and function in farm animals

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