The early stages of marine biofouling and its effect on two types of optical sensors

Kerr, A.; Cowling, M.J.; Beveridge, Christine; Smith, Margaret J.; Parr, Albert C.; Head, Ritchie M; Davenport, John; Hodgkiess, T.

doi:10.1016/s0160-4120(98)00011-7

Cited by 68 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Fouling is a well know problem of autonomously operated optical sensors deployed on platforms such as moorings, gliders and drifters (e.g., Kerr et al, 1998aKerr et al, , 1998bManov et al, 2004). It often limits the accuracy of transmissometer measurements and therefore needs to be addressed carefully (Lehaitre et al, 2008).…”

Section: Correction Of Beam Attenuation Coefficientmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatio-temporal distribution and transport of particulate matter in the eastern tropical North Atlantic observed by Argo floats

Ohde¹,

Fiedler²,

Körtzinger³

2015

Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers

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Section: Correction Of Beam Attenuation Coefficientmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatio-temporal distribution and transport of particulate matter in the eastern tropical North Atlantic observed by Argo floats

Ohde¹,

Fiedler²,

Körtzinger³

2015

Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers

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“…A suitable way to accomplish this is the specific detection of signals of biomolecules. Examples are: Use of autofluorescence of biomolecules such as amino acids, for example, tryptophane or other biomolecules (Angell et al 1993;Nivens et al 1995;Zinn et al 1999;Kerr et al 1998;Wetegrove 1998). Such molecules are considered as representative for the presence of biological material.…”

Section: Level 2 Monitoringmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbial Biofouling: Unsolved Problems, Insufficient Approaches, and Possible Solutions

Flemming

2011

Springer Series on Biofilms

114

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Microbial biofouling is a very costly problem, keeping busy a billion dollar industry providing biocides, cleaners, and antifouling materials worldwide. Basically, five general reasons can be identified, which continuously compromise the efficacy of antifouling strategies:1. Biofouling is detected by its effect on process performance or product quality and quantity. Early warning systems are very rare, although they could save costly countermeasures necessary for removing established fouling. 2. Usually, biofouling is diagnosed only indirectly, when other explanations fail.The common practice is to take water samples, which give no information about site and extent of biofouling deposits. 3. When finally the diagnosis "biofouling" is established, biocides are used which, in many cases, for the best kill microorganisms but do not really remove them. Killing, however, is not cleaning while frequently the presence of biomass and not its physiological activity is the problem. 4. Biofouling is a biofilm phenomenon and based on the fact that biofilms grow at the expense of nutrients; oxidizing biocides can make things even worse by breaking recalcitrant molecules down into biodegradable fragments. Nutrients have to be considered as potential biomass. 5. Efficacy control is performed again by process performance or product quality and not optimized by meaningful biofilm monitoring, verifying successful removal.Thus, further biofouling is predictable. To overcome this vicious circle, an integrated strategy is suggested, which does not rely on one type of countermeasure, and which acknowledges that antifouling effects are essentially time dependent: long-term claims have to meet different (and more difficult) goals than short-term ones. An appropriate strategy includes the selection of low-adhesion, easy-to-clean surfaces, good housekeeping, early warning systems, limitation of nutrients, improvement of cleaners, strategic cleaning and monitoring of deposits. The goal is: to learn how to live with biofilms and keep their effects below the level of interference in the most efficient way.

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“…For example, for the optical sensors, even if the sensing area of the sensor is effectively cleaned by a wiper or any other means, if macro algae come through the optical path, the measurements may be subject to random fluctuations (noise) or to offsets. It is particularly true for transmissometers, where the measurement is performed over a long optical path which is very exposed to macro fouling disturbance (Kerr et al, 1998).…”

Section: Reasons For the Biofouling Protection Of Housingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biofouling protection for marine environmental sensors

2010

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Abstract. These days, many marine autonomous environment monitoring networks are set up in the world. These systems take advantage of existing superstructures such as offshore platforms, lightships, piers, breakwaters or are placed on specially designed buoys or underwater oceanographic structures. These systems commonly use various sensors to measure parameters such as dissolved oxygen, turbidity, conductivity, pH or fluorescence. Emphasis has to be put on the long term quality of measurements, yet sensors may face very short-term biofouling effects. Biofouling can disrupt the quality of the measurements, sometimes in less than a week.Many techniques to prevent biofouling on instrumentation are listed and studied by researchers and manufacturers. Very few of them are implemented on instruments and of those very few have been tested in situ on oceanographic sensors for deployment of at least one or two months. This paper presents a review of techniques used to protect against biofouling of in situ sensors and gives a short list and description of promising techniques.

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The early stages of marine biofouling and its effect on two types of optical sensors

Cited by 68 publications

References 10 publications

Spatio-temporal distribution and transport of particulate matter in the eastern tropical North Atlantic observed by Argo floats

Spatio-temporal distribution and transport of particulate matter in the eastern tropical North Atlantic observed by Argo floats

Microbial Biofouling: Unsolved Problems, Insufficient Approaches, and Possible Solutions

Biofouling protection for marine environmental sensors

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